g.i) 
33 
1 3 - Framing measurements: methods and results 
By means of a totally electronic measure reading 
goniometric-distanziometric equipment, we determined the 
angles and the sides of a highly hyperdetermined (fig. 1) 
network (21 sides and directions instead of 7). Point 
centering was particularly accurate: 4 iron plates which 
supported as many interchangeable basements were 
used, so as to permit an efficient forced centering system. 
Results are shown in tab. 1. The positions of the station 
points have been determined with a satisfying precision 
level, in fact the maximum value of standard deviation is of 
±2 mm. 
Tab. 1 - Framing network adjustment 
(origin in st.4 - Y axis from 4 to 5) 
point 
R.COORD. 
CORR. 
A. COORD. 
s.d. 
n. 
[ m ] 
[ mm ] 
[ m ] 
C mm ] 
X(1) 
42.110 
2 
42.112 
± 2 
Y(1) 
Z(1) 
1.195 
-2 
1.193 
0.500 
± 2 
X(2) 
28.760 
-3 
28.757 
± 2 
Y(2) 
Z(2) 
-13.737 
0 
-13.737 
0.457 
± 2 
X(3) 
14.110 
-1 
14.109 
± 2 
Y(3) 
Z(3) 
-13.949 
1 
-13.948 
0.475 
± 2 
X(4) 
0.000 
0 
0.000 
± 0 
Y(4) 
Z(4) 
0.000 
0 
0.000 
0.488 
± 0 
X(5) 
0.000 
0 
0.000 
± 1 
Y(5) 
Z(5) 
14.907 
-1 
14.906 
0.458 
± 1 
X(6) 
13.571 
-3 
13.568 
± 2 
Y(6) 
Z(6) 
28.936 
-4 
28.932 
0.451 
± 2 
X(7) 
28.553 
-5 
28.548 
± 2 
Y(7) 
Z (7) 
28.503 
-3 
28.500 
0.351 
± 2 
X(8) 
42.190 
2 
42.192 
± 2 
Y(8) 
Z(8) 
14.510 
-3 
14.507 
0.418 
± 2 
unit of weight standard deviation ± 90 mm/Km 
1.4-Tie points surveying: methods and results 
The surveying method we have carried out is a multiple 
forward intersection. Only few points were determined by 
means of a simple forward intersection, because of local 
difficulties in collimation. The results and their precision 
are shown in tab. 2. 
- frame format 13x18 cm 
- principal distance of lens 151.31 mm 
- opening from 1:6.3 to 1:25 
- shutter speed from 1" to 50" 
- pancromatic film b/w(100 ASA) applied on glass plates. 
Taking conditions were: 
- base :13 m 
- distance from object: 41 m 
- width of the zone represented in each photogram: 
35 x 48 m 
- overlap: 60% 
- elevation of camera station from the floor: 30 m 
- ratio photogram/object: 1/270 
- ratio base/distance : 1/3 
Tab. 2a - forward multiple intersection from stations 6,7,8 
station co-ordinates 
STAZ. 8 
X = 
42.192 
Y = 14.507 
Z = 0.418 
STAZ. 7 
X = 
28.548 
Y = 28.500 
Z = 0.351 
STAZ. 6 
X = 
13.568 
Y = 28.932 
Z = 0.451 
N 
COO 
X 
Y 
Z 
1 
3401 
12. 
.517 ±3 
-13.113 ±5 
23.285 
±2 
2 
3403 
13. 
.759 ±0 
-12.703 ±3 
11.490 
±1 
3 
3404 
12. 
.736 ±0 
-12.195 ±3 
11.489 
±1 
4 
3407 
13. 
.519 ±0 
-13.551 ±3 
1.216 
±0 
5 
3408 
12. 
.344 ±0 
-13.011 ±3 
1.251 
±0 
6 
3411 
12. 
.944 ±0 
-11.844 ±3 
0.407 
±0 
co-ordinates are in meters, s. deviations in millimetres 
the meaning of the code numbers is illustrated in fig.2 
Tab.2b - forward multiple intersection from stations 1,7,8 
station co-ordinates 
STAZ.1 X 
= 42.112 
Y = 1.193 
Z = 0.500 
STAZ.8 X 
= 42.192 
Y = 14.507 Z = 0.418 
STAZ.7 X 
= 28.548 
Y = 28.500 
Z = 0.351 
N 
eoo 
X 
Y 
Z 
1 
3402 
0.963 ±2 
-1.677 ±2 
23.221 ±2 
2 
3405 
1.834 ±1 
-1.369 ±1 
11.455 ±1 
3 
3409 
1.253 ±2 
-2.007 ±2 
1.202 ±0 
4 
3410 
0.457 ±1 
-0.637 ±1 
1.252 ±1 
5 
3412 
2.280 ±1 
-1.188 ±1 
0.423 ±43 
6 
3414 
2.281 ±1 
-1.188 ±1 
-23.837 ±3 
7 
3418 
0.660 ±1 
-0.075 ±1 
0.151 ±0 
point 3412 has an anomalous difference because its 
elevation wasn't determined and its co-ordinates are 
referred to the planimetrie position of a plumb wire (as we 
can see the 3414 point, which represent the inferior 
extreme of the plum has identical x and y co-ordinates) 
2 - PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TAKING OF THE 
STEREOPAIRS 
3 - ANALYTIC RESTITUTION 
The survey was composed of 48 photograms, (and 24 
more as reserve), which formed 16 pairs: for each wall two 
pairs and 2 central pictures were taken, so as to have the 
possibility of working out some digital orthographic 
processing. 
The photograms were taken by means of a Galileo 
Veroplast metric camera with the following technical 
details: 
The convenient number of tie points used for the absolute 
orientation of each stereopair and their uniform distribution 
(fig.2) in the overlap zone, allowed to fix the accuracy 
during analytical stereocompilation. 
As shown in the reports (tab.3) produced by the analytical 
restitution equipment calculation program, the s.d. of the 
tie points co-ordinates, result less than ± 10 mm.