58 
appearing towards test maps on which the map graphics 
has been changed considerably as compared to the one 
existing so far. Those who stick to the preservation of the 
old or to the establishment of the surviving achievements 
will take such maps as dangerous being new and as an 
unnecessary step into the unknown. Those who tend to 
carry out more radical changes will notice that map 
graphics should have been changed even more. If smaller 
changes of map graphics are carried out on test maps, 
the critics will be directed mostly on the account of too 
small operations done. 
Fig. 4. Some of test maps (Knin and Zagreb), originally 
colour test maps (Franges, 1998). 
The test maps are indispensable as the evidence of 
successfully made research and analysis. Figure 4 shows 
some of test maps made in the dissertation (Franges, 
1998). Their production was intended for achieving at 
least some of the aspirations referring to the changes of 
map graphics and deriving from the demands made 
before: 
- appropriate legibility due to the enlargement of 
minimal sizes, but not visually at the expense of 
graphic density, and due to the application of known 
features; 
- clearness due to the fulfilment of the conditions 
referring to the simplicity, contrasting quality and layer 
arrangement which is not possible to be checked 
completely because only the cut outs, and not entire 
map sheets characterised by the clearness, have been 
made; 
accuracy due to the control of positioning accuracy 
referring to the pattern and due to the consistent 
following of accuracy symbols; 
- appropriate plainness due to the fulfilment of the 
demands of symbols, especially by symbols and 
colour, due to the traditional behaviour and hierarchic 
organisation of map graphics, with special attention to 
the creation of the series of symbols from the basic 
form and to the length of symbols; 
- aesthetics due to the realisation of harmony, to the 
accordance of all applied elements of map graphics 
and the beauty, due to the symbols and the selection 
of colours, and to the typography; 
- reproducibility due to the fulfilment of the quality 
conditions with the special emphasis on the resolution, 
due to the preparation for the six-colour print (CMYK + 
grey for shadows + brown for contour lines). This wish 
has been most badly realised because of the technical 
and material possibilities. 
6. CONCLUSION 
In order to have the changes in map graphics carried out, 
one should respect definite items: 
- Appropriate map graphics is one of the most important 
presumptions for good map presentation on the paper 
and for the visualisation on the screen. 
- A user demands appropriate map graphics and a clear 
visibility as well, accompanied by irreproachable 
understanding of a map. 
- Available software systems should be improved further 
on for the mapping application, and easier to learn and 
use. 
- The generale scale of a database is an illusion in 
cartography. 
- Maps on the screen cannot replace analogous prints 
completely, but they can supplement them very 
successfully, and vice versa. 
- Today everyone makes maps, and the map graphics 
has not been given necessary attention. 
- One should accept that none of the achieved levels in 
map graphics is so completed that it could not be 
improved further on. 
References 
Bos, E. S., 1984. Systematic symbol design in 
cartographic education. ITC Journal, 1, pp. 20-28. 
DiBiase, D., MacEachren, A. M., Krygier, J. B., Reeves, 
C., 1992. Animation and the Role of Map Design in 
Scientific Visualization. Cartography and Geographic 
Information Systems, 4, 201-214, pp. 265-266.