Full text: The 3rd ISPRS Workshop on Dynamic and Multi-Dimensional GIS & the 10th Annual Conference of CPGIS on Geoinformatics

289 
ISPRS, Vol.34, Part 2W2, “Dynamic and Multi-Dimensional GIS", Bangkok, May 23-25, 2001 
finding altimetric accuracy. Based on the same data set, the 
result can be shown in Table 3. 
Table.3 Result of experimented data considering at the 
relationship model of x.y.v.u 
Calculated 
value - E 
CT point No. 
Number of 
CT 
Combinations 
0.913006 
0123456 
7 
1 
0.993801 
0123467 
8 
8 
0993801 
0123467 
9 
36 
0.994277 
0124589 
10 
116 
0.996060 
O 1 2467 10 
11 
312 
0.996060 
0 1 2467 10 
12 
730 
0.997054 
0 1 348 10 12 
13 
1547 
0.997625 
1 3458 12 13 
14 
3044 
0.997625 
1 3458 12 13 
15 
5620 
0.997625 
1 34581213 
16 
9850 
0.998027 
1 34 10 11 13 16 
17 
16543 
0.998323 
1 3 10 11 13 16 17 
18 
26819 
0.998325 
1 3 10 11 13 16 18 
19 
42172 
0.998325 
1 3 10 11 13 16 18 
20 
64607 
0.998325 
1 31011 13 1618 
21 
96678 
0.998325 
1 3 10 11 13 16 18 
22 
141617 
0.998325 
1 3 10 11 13 16 18 
23 
203365 
0.998328 
1 3 11 13 16 1823 
24 
287262 
situation, conditioned by the way to made extraction, the highest 
altimetric and planimetric accuracy were 0.998480 (E) and 
0.998328 (E) respectively. Therefore, It can be briefly concluded 
that (a) polynomial function can represent 3D building objects 
from a 2D photograph without the shadow of photogrammetric 
(b) accuracy of 3D building objects in vertical and horizontal axis 
can be acceptable (c) few control points can serve to get 
acceptable result. These entire conclusions were advantage of 
this system. On the other hand, the disadvantage of the system 
was computational time for generating the best-fit solution of 
data. It often made long period of time, when it had to work on 
huge data. 
For further work, an automated system of extraction will replace 
the manual system, in order to improve the accuracy. Also the 
3D-building-objects visualization will be available. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
The authors are very grateful to Justin Hickey, Dr.Vivarad and 
Dr.Duan for some advices and also Daniel Kassahun for 
sequential idea and English proofing. 
The E value was over 0.99, when it was 8 control points. As 
same as Table 2, the E value increased, while the number of 
control points was increased, together with number of 
combinations. Finally, It was a line graph (as in Figure 4), 
representing the changing of E value. 
According to this graph, it was eight control points that was 
enough for generating 3D building objects particularly in 
planimetric form. E value was initially above 0.99,and then went 
on in this level until the last control points. 
REFERENCES 
[1] Brunn, A., Guelch, E., Lang, F., Foerstner, W., 1998. Hybrid 
Concept for 3D Building Acquisition. ISPRS Journal of 
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing v 53, 119-129. 
[2] Kanade, T., et al., 1998. Constructing Virtual Worlds Using 
Dense Stereo. Proceedings of sixth IEEE International 
Conference on Computer Vision, 3-10. 
[3] Peuquet, D.J., 1984. A Conceptual Framework and 
Comparison of Spatial Data Models. Cartographica v 21, no.4, 
66-113 
[4] Stigant, S.A., 1959, The elements of determinants, matrices 
and tensors for engineers. Macdonald, London. 
[5] Van den Heuvel Frank A, 1998. 3D reconstruction from a 
single image using geometric constraints, Isprs Journal Of 
Photogrammetry And Remote Sensing (53)6 pp. 354-368 
BIOGRAPHY 
Taravudh Tipdecho: 
1) Doctoral Candidate, Space Technology Applications and 
Research (STAR) Program, School of Advanced Technologies 
Asian Institute of Technology, THAILAND 
2) Researcher, High Performance Computing Laboratory 
(HPCC), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center 
(NECTEC), Bangkok, THAILAND. 
Xiaoyong Chen: 
1) Associated Professor, Space Technology Applications and 
Research (STAR) Program, School of Advanced Technologies 
Asian Institute of Technology, THAILAND 
Figure 4. (a) the deviation of E value of relationship model of 
x,y,v,u (b) the corresponding relative changes of E value. 
5.CONCLUSIONS 
Based on the model of relationship represented in polynomial 
form, eight control points in horizontal (x,y) and ten control 
points in vertical (height(z)) had sufficient quality to generate the 
3D building objects for this study area. For specific tested
	        
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