353 
ISPRS, Vol.34, Part 2W2, Dynamic and Multi-Dimensional GIS”, Bangkok, May 23-25 2001 
Distance and direction travelled by tagged lobsters 
Legend 
Where tagged lobsters were released in 
less than 18 m of water 
18 to 90 m of water 
• greater than 90 m of water 
— Track of lobster(s) until their last recapture 
Number tagged and released 
Number recaptured which had not moved 
Number recaptured which had moved 
Fig. 10. Lobster movement in the Southeast Australian Coast. 
5. Conclusion Marks 
Coastal GIS development involves many aspects, which have 
been investigated by many researcher. It covers data structure 
(Li, 1999; Lucas, 1999; Sherin, 1999) /data model, data 
standardise; analysis methods (Ricketss, 1992). It is a 
challenge task facing both users and developers. 
From the users’ point of view, Coastal GIS applications should 
considered the following important point: 
First, it should be thought through of the application you 
wanted, in terms of budget and ongoing budget, time frame, 
data structure, file systems structure, GIS functions required 
and the expected outcome from the analysis to support your 
objectives and how to handle the ongoing expansion. 
Second, defining the level of application (Figure X) that 
matches your objectives, then look into the available and 
potential GIS functions suitable for the tasks at hand. 
Third, starting with ‘bigger pictures’, considering the re-usage 
and sharing of datasets, seeking for standardizing the data 
and ensuring the data consistency and integrity. 
From the development point of view, major challenge is at the 
Level three application, where more integrated modeling is 
badly needed. The primarily issue is what kind of coastal 
model to adopt for integrating into GIS. As the coastal models 
itself are diversified and continuously improving and new 
model is developing more user-friendly interface is needed, 
such as module-builder in graphic form [e.a. Stellar, () and 
Grid Modeler (ESRI, 1994)] that are routinely used in computer 
simulation. 
Acknowledgement 
The authors wish to thank to Mr. Greg West, Francis Dorman, 
Jim Craig and John Matthews for their help in preparing the 
figures. Administrative support from Division of Geography, 
School of Geosciences, University of Sydney and NSW 
Fisheries are greatly acknowledged. Thanks are also due to 
NSFC for funding of the Project No. 49806003. 
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