ISPRS, Vol.34, Part 2W2, ‘‘Dynamic and Multi-Dimensional GIS”, Bangkok, May 23-25, 2001 
digital images, and using CAD to produce the engineering 
drawings needed. An advantage for PM Pro in this procedure is 
that PM Pro provides the results compatible to CAD. An example 
of fulfilling this idea can be found at the web site of 
PhotoModeler (Collins, 1995). In this project, a CAD plot of a 2D 
elevation drawing was made for the entrance arch to St. 
Stephen’s Green in Dublin, Ireland. The 3D data loaded into 
AutoCAD were the results produced by PM Pro in processing 3 
digital photographs of the arch taken with a Kodak DCS 100 
Digital camera. In GIS, such engineering drawing needs to be 
prepared before hand and stored for the retrieval. For the 
important architectures or objects, such information as extended 
attribute in a GIS package would be quite worthwhile for the 
relevant users. 
RELATED CONCERNS: When digital photographs are 
pre-processed by DCRP software like PM Pro and then 
incorporated into a GIS package, they contains rich information 
of the related spatial entities (or land features), including spatial 
information and non-spatial information. The issues of data 
exchange and data management for using the DCRP data in a 
GIS package need to be handled properly. For data exchange, 
the DCRP package as a donor system, may needs to be 
incorporated into the GIS package as a receiver system. The 
choosing of the interchange standards can be facilitated by the 
fact that many present GIS packages and DCRP packages are 
capable of accepting and exporting most of the currently 
common data formats, for which the multiple format input output 
of PM Pro serves as a good example, while the strategy of the 
incorporation its self could be a new issue to a number of GIS 
designers and users. For data management, special cares are 
needed for arranging the DCRP data into proper levels or layers 
in a GIS package, to make efficient use of the above stated 
applications of DCRP in GIS. A number of detailed issues would 
need to be handled in the concrete and practical work of the 
data management and retrieval hierarchy, the proper design of 
feature code and feature key for example. Both 
photogrammetrists and designers or users of GIS are expected 
to make efforts to improve their own products for promoting the 
incorporation of DCRP into GIS, which is beneficial to both. For 
the photogrammetrists, the incorporation means a very potential 
market, and for the GIS designers and users, the incorporation is 
bringing about a very effective and useful enhancement to GIS. 
SUGGESTIONS: 1. Digital close range photogrammetry (DCRP) 
provides a number of very potential and attractive ways of 
spatial feature presentation for GIS, including generating, 
viewing and outputting the intuitive ortho photo (or original) 
images and 3D models, generating, viewing and outputting of 
life-like animation, geometrical information extraction directly 
from displayed digital photographs or 3D models, generating and 
outputting of engineering drawings. These applications of SCRP 
in GIS will be effectively helpful to enable a GIS package to 
become more user-friendly and popular. 2. The incorporation of 
DCRP into GIS will be a tendency in the near future due to the 
mutually beneficial factors, namely the potential market to 
photogrammetrists and the attractive enhancement of GIS 
packages to GIS designers and users, although the 
incorporation is not yet a current common practice. 3. Both 
photogrammetrists in DCRP and designers of GIS need to make 
efforts to improve their own products for promoting the merging 
of DCRP into GIS. Some specific issues including data 
exchange and data management need to be handled 
cooperatively by both expertise fields. 
REFERENCES 
Collins, Patrick (1995). St. Stephen’s Green Arch Architecture 
Drawing Project, 
htto://www. Photomodeler. com/PROJS/ARCH/ARCH. HTM 
Deng, Gang and Faig, Wolfgang, (2001). An Evaluation of an 
Off-the-Shelf Digital Close-Range Photogrammetric Software 
Package, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 
62(2), pp. 227-233, American Society for Photogrammetry 
and Remote Sensing. 
Deng, Gang (1999). Practical Testing and Evaluating of the EOS 
PhotoModeler®, an Off-the-Shelf Digital Close Range 
Photogrammetric Software Package. Department of Geodesy 
and Geomatics Engineering Technical Report No. 201, 
University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, 
Canada, 93 pp. 
EOS Systems Inc. (1997), PhotoModeler Pro User Manual. 12th 
Edition, EOS Systems Inc. Vancouver, Canada, 389 pp. 
EOS Systems In. (2001), VRML Town Project, 
httpV/www, Photomodeler.com/PROJ S/VRMLTOWN/town.htm 
Hanke, Klaus (1998). Accuracy Study Project of Eos Systems' 
PhotoModeler, 
http://www. Photomodeler, com/study/study3. htm 
Lee, Y.C. (1996). GIS for the Curious. 2 nd Edition, Geomatics 
Canada, 286 pp. 
Li, Xiaopeng (1999). Photogrammetric Investigation into 
Low-Resolution Digital Cameras. Ph. D. Thesis, Department 
of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New 
Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada, 180 pp.