IMO 
SCALE CHANCE 
04 05 06 
WAVELENGTH. IN MICROMETRES 
BERYL 
BKONZITE 
R1GE0NITE 
OLIVINE 
SRESSARTINE 
staurolite 
ANNABCRGITE 
chrysocolla 
almanoine 
RHOOOCHROSITE 
CORUNDUM 
MONAZITE 
limonite 
AUGITE 
CARNOTITE 
DUMORTlERiTE 
fluorite 
fluorite 
FLUORITE 
SULPHUR 
REALGAR 
STIBNITE 
ARSE N0PY RITE 
ATMOSPHERIC■ 
TRANSMISSION 
cth#dfOl F« in 
Al »<t« 
6 fold 
Distorted octohod 
6 fold 
Distorted octohod 
6 fold 
Octoftedrol 
I Non-c«ntro 
2C«rTro-fymm 
Ocfoh«drol-8 foM 
■T«troh«drol 
GYPSUM 
NATROLITE 
MONTMORILLONITE 
QUARTZ 
MUSCOVITE 
PHLOGOPITE 
KAOLINITE 
AMPHIBOLE 
CALCITE 
AMBLYGONtTE 
COLEMANITE 
0j.C03.H 2 0' ' I T 
04 05 06 
SCALE CHANGE-* 
WAVELENGTH. IN MICROMETRES 
Oj.COj.HjO 
Figure 1. Position and width of diagnostic spectral 
absorption features for common minerals in the 
0.4-2.5 |im region (Hunt 1977). 
> 
1 
i 
OC 
o 
700 em 
• • 10 11 12 13 
WAVELENGTH, 
Wavelength (jjm) 
Figure 3. Emission spectra of the full range of 
igneous rock type showing the shift in position of 
the emissivity minimum when progressing from acidic 
to basic rock types (Lyon 1965). 
Figure 4. Spectra of coniferous trees growing in and 
around a sulfide zone. A blue shift in the red edge 
of the 0.68 }i.m chlorophyll absorption band is 
attributed to copper in the soil (Chang and Collins 
1983) . 
Figure 2. Laboratory reflectance spectra of pure 
samples of common minerals showing diagnostic 
absorption features. Overtone bending/stretching 
vibrations for Al-OH (2.16-2.22 |lm) , Mg-OH (2.3-2.35 
|lm) and CO3 (2.3-2.35 (lm) are seen. The bar TM7 
designates the bandwidth of the 7th channel of the 
Landsat Thematic Mapper (Goetz et al. 1985). 
arrangement within the leaf and the hydration state. 
The transition between two regions is at 
approximately 0.7 jtm is characterized by the red edge 
of the chlorophyll absorption maximum. The exact 
position of the red edge is changed in plants 
influenced by geochemical stress as seen in Figure 4. 
3 BROADBAND SENSORS 
transitions in carotenoid pigments, and the effects 
of these pigments become more pronounced when the 
amount of chlorophyll in the leaves decreases during 
senescence. 
In the regions 0.7-1.3 (im, the dominant feature is 
high, relative reflectance associated with leaf cell 
structure and is associated with the cellular 
Presently, the most extensively used spaceborne 
multispectral scanner is the Thematic Mapper. The 
Thematic Mapper extended coverage beyond the 1.0 (lm 
limitation of the Landsat MSS, and, therefore, 
provides data which is highly valuable for surface 
mineralogical mapping in mineral exploration. Table 
1 shows the comparison of the band passes and other 
characteristics of TM and MSS. 
Table 1. Compar 
The 
Spectral 
Band 
1 
0.45- 
2 
0.52- 
3 
0.63- 
4 
0.76-C 
5 
1.55- 
6 
10.40-1 
7 
2.08- 
The 
Ground IFOV 
Data rate 
8 
Quantization 
levels 
2 
Weight 
Size 
2 
1 
Power 
3 
The extended sj 
particularly u 
hydrous minera 
Abrams et al. 
broad band in t 
The region 8 . 
the airborne t 
(TIMS) (Kahle a: 
the only sue! 
multispectral 
For mineral € 
important role 
reststrahlen f<= 
diagnostic of 
materials. 
4 NARROWBAND SE 
During the mid- 
spectral cover; 
necessary to 
information. 
spectroradiome 
provided mine 
mineral explor 
Collins spec 
proprietary sui 
The only nari 
in earth orbit 
Radiometer ( 
information in 
narrow spectra 
underneath the 
this experimer 
identification 
spectral band s 
5 IMAGING SPEC! 
The results f 
development of 
defined as 
spectrometry is 
in a large num 
that each pictc 
it a complete 
Data is acquiri 
so that all the 
signal can be 
spectrum is sari 
the spectral 
materials. In 
nm intervals s 
1985) . 
Simultaneous 
bands require; 
Sensors such ; 
(MSS or TM) <