57 
CHARACTERISATION OF THE SPECTRAL AND BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 
PROPERTIES OF WATER BODIES AS STANDARD REFERENCE TARGETS 
IN REMOTE SENSING DATA 
R.P. Gauthier, F.J. Ahern 
Canada Center for Remote Sensing 
2464 Sheffield Road,Ottawa,Ontario,K1A 0Y7 
ABSTRACT 
The reflectance spectrum of typical lakes in the Canadian Shield has been measured in order to characterize 
them as standard reference targets. Such targets can then be used to remove atmospheric effects from remote 
sensing data. While this technique is not new, it has hitherto only been applied at nadir over fairly broad 
spectral bandpasses. In order to develop atmospheric correction techniques for high spectral resolution, off- 
nadir looking sensors an accurate characterization of water as a reference target which included these features 
was necessary. Also, since polarisation effects are now being included in radiative transfer codes, a preliminary 
assessment of the effects of polarisation on the water reflectance spectrum was made. 
Both the surface and volume components of the reflectance of lake water were measured at various view angles 
and azimuths as a function of solar elevation. The measurements were made with a spectrograph at a spectral 
resolution of 8nm in the range from 4(X)nm to 750nm. These measurements were conducted from a boat with 
a second spectrograph recording the global downwelling and sky irradiance. The approach to the radiometric 
calibration of the instruments and observational procedure are discussed in terms of the error budget of the 
experiment It is found that the surface component of the water reflectance in the principal plane usually 
includes a component caused by specular reflectance which varies according to the surface wave structure. 
Outside of the principle plane, it is shown how the magnitude and spectral distribution of the surface reflectance 
is affected by the viewing geometry. The volume component of the water reflectance behaves as a typical 
isotropic scattering medium and is found to be a function of the viewing path length. The spectral distribution 
is found to be sensitive to the surrounding environment Also it is shown how the water reflectance changes 
with increasing solar zenith angle.