The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B4. Beijing 2008 
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starts with the current situations in Malaysia where legal and 
organization aspects are touch. Then, section 3 continues with 
the solutions towards Malaysian 3D Cadastre based on the 
cadastral model. Section 4 proceeds with the development of an 
integrated 3D Cadastre model and finally section 5 remarks the 
conclusion of the paper. 
2. CURRENT SITUATION IN MALAYSIA 
Malaysia is a developing country with plenty of cities all over 
the country e.g. the city of Kuala Lumpur. The high rise 
buildings have been built in order to optimize the limited space. 
Hence, more complex buildings were being built to cater the 
needs of the people e.g. businesses and residential (see Figure 
2). 
Figure 2: Shopping Mall (with building above road) 
Major problems that will be addressed in this paper are 
associates to the integration of the 2D and 3D cadastre object in 
a database developed using Oracle Spatial and also the data 
retrieve with the visualization of the 3D cadastre objects using 
Map 3D together with the spatial and attribute information. 
Cadastre system is being used for some government agencies 
such as Local Authority and Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri 
Malaysia (LHDNM) to support the valuation and taxes system. 
In Malaysia, there are two organizations responsible on 
managing and maintaining the cadastre system (Genggatharan 
2005). The Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia 
(DSMM) deals with the cadastral survey with high accuracy 
survey determine the location, dimension and size of the 
properties. 
DSMM with Cadastral Survey System is responsible for 
preparing, producing and managing the spatial including the 
surveying and mapping of the cadastre parcels. The Land 
Registration System, which is non-spatial data is being the 
responsibility of the Land Office (i.e. the PTG). PTG deals with 
the ownership registration, whose owns what (3R; Right, 
Responsible, Restriction). Both organizations have their own 
systems called CLRS (Computerised Land Registration System) 
in PTG and CDMS (Cadastre Data Management System) in 
DSMM. Unfortunately the systems work separately in each 
organization and is still in 2D in nature (Chong, 2006). As far 
as Malaysia is concerned the needs for this research output is 
clearly sought after by the National Mapping Agency (NMA), 
i.e. DSMM and the Land Office (LO), i.e. The Land and Mines 
Office (PTG). With the rapid development of technologies and 
technique, both systems could be integrated to cater the needs 
of 3D properties registrations. 
2.1 The Legal Aspect 
The basic concept of land parcel (lot) in Malaysian land law is 
the infinite ownership space defined as a cone down to the 
centre of earth, with boundaries on the surface extends 
vertically upwards and downwards to an extent. Its adjudication 
consists of two parts, first the ascertaining of the physically 
surface boundaries by surveyed boundary marks, then the 
official ascertainment of rights in land via registration and issue 
of documents of title. 
However, it should be noted that existing Malaysian Cadastre 
deals with properties located not only on the surface, but also 
above and below the surface level. For all intents and purposes, 
the rights and responsibilities of the proprietor of the surface 
parcel shall also apply to the proprietor of the underground land. 
There are also provisions to survey and issue title for strata and 
stratum. The parcel is defined by the bounding floor, walls and 
ceiling. Individual parcels are then issued with strata title in 
accordance to a strata registration. On the other hand, the 
cadastral map or Digital Cadastral Database (DCDB) is only 
two-dimensional in nature. It contains neither altimetry 
information nor detailed information of existing objects or 
structures within the parcel area. The vertical dimensions are 
only available on the strata and stratum certified plans, as 
scanned images in the image library. 
2.2 The Organization Aspect 
The cadastral system comprises a land registration system and a 
cadastral registration as key components. Land registration is a 
state government responsibility while cadastral registration is 
under federal responsibility. 
According to Chong (2006), experiences in developed countries 
have shown that stand-alone or isolated approaches where data 
and processes were maintained separately are not sustainable. A 
non-unified land registry system is known to have the following 
shortcomings: 
• Legal administrative and cadastral mapping data 
integrity is not well maintained. 
• Work flow, data updating and data service are less 
efficient (incomplete DCDB and patches of 
irregularities of CLRS and DCDB) 
• Quality and consistency of information are difficult to 
maintain due to parallel registration and updating 
• Less cost effective (examples include overheads to deal 
with two separate government departments for one land 
related transaction - one might be located at the state 
capital but the other at district, or extra efforts to ensure 
data integrity during data exchange as both set of 
records are inter-dependant) 
3. SOLUTIONS TOWARDS MALAYSIAN 3D 
CADASTRE 
Solution towards 3D cadastre registration is to study possible 
solutions in adding 3D component in current registration. Two 
common 3D Cadastre Models has been study in this research. 
The models are Core Cadastral Domain Model (CCDM) and 
Hybrid Cadastre Data Model. These models have been used as a 
platform to suit with the Malaysian cadastre system.