The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B4. Beijing 2008
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3.1 Core Cadastral Domain Model (CCDM)
Core Cadastral Domain Model (CCDM), (van Oosterom et. al
2006) has been introduced as a model for land registration
purposes. The development of this model is designed as a base
for various land registration practice in different countries. Two
important goals of this model as listed in (van Oosterom et. al
2006) are; (1) avoid reinventing and re-implementing the same
functionality over and over again, but provide a extensible basis
for efficient and effective cadastral system development based
on a model driven architecture (MDA), and (2) enable involved
parties, both within one country and between different countries,
to communicate based on the shared ontology implied by the
model. The UML class diagram of the CCDM is shown in
Figure 3.
3.1.1 Malaysian Cadastre Data Model
CCDM is designed as the base for various land registration
system. Therefore, it can also used to describe Malaysia
cadastre data model. The definition of these three core classes
can be derived from (Chong 2006). Table 1 shows the
component of CCDM that follows with the Malaysia Cadastre
System. These categories are base from the CCDM classes and
reflected in the National Land Code 1965 and Strata Title Act
1985.
Persons (NLC:
s.43)
Natural persons (excluding minors less
than 18 years old)
Corporations, sovereigns, governments
or organisations
Persons authorised to hold land under the
Diplomatic and Consular Privileges
Ordinance 1957
Bodies expressly empowered to hold
land (e.g. Trade union Ordinance 1957)
RegisterObject
Lot (land parcel) (NLC: s.516)
Parcel (building parcel) (STA: s.4)
Stratum (underground volume) (NLC:
s.92A)
RRR
(Right,
Restriction and
Responsibility
)
Rights (e.g. extent of general disposal
under NLC: s.44
Responsibilities (duty rent - e.g. survey
fees, premium, annual quit rent etc.)
Restrictions (e.g. category of land,
express and implied condition etc.)
Table 1: Component of CCDM base on Malaysian Cadastre
System
3.2 Hybrid Cadastre Registration Model
Hybrid cadastre proposed by Stoter, 2004 is a good start
towards implementation of 3D cadastre in Malaysia. The
concept of hybrid cadastre is to preserve the current 2D
registration and add the 3D component in the registration
system. There are two approaches to register 3D object namely
registration of right-volume and registration of 3D physical
object. The 3D representation of each approach is embedded in
the CCDM base model.
4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED 3D
CADASTRE MODEL
An integrated 3D Cadastre Model looks on how to add 3D
component in the current cadastre data model and make
information is interoperable between the two involved
organizations. 3D cadastre object e.g. apartment buildings is a
real property that being built on the 2D land parcel, which is the
responsibility of DSMM. Adapting CCDM, the 3D spatial
database being design to make it interoperable with the current
land registration database developed by the LO, which is CLRS.
4.1 Integration of the cadastral databases (CLRS with
DCDB)
DCDB and CLRS could be integrated electronically.
Furthermore the integration of the spatial database of DCDB
with the textual database of CLRS is the prerequisite
requirement for the formation of a comprehensive land
information system. There is currently a research to investigate
how best these two standalone databases can be possibly
integrated. Genggatharan (2005) proposed a mechanism to
integrate these two databases. Nevertheless, there are many
hurdles to cross at current stage of practice. Genggatharan
(2005) underlines the following issues associated with the
proposed integration:
• Organizational - there is no mechanism for exchanging
data among organization
• Technological - compatibility of existing hardware and
software
• Data - data quality and integrity
• Legal - data custodian and rights
• Different working procedures and practice
Adaptation of CCDM into integrated 3D cadastre model for
Malaysia can be seen in Figure 4. In this model, both
LandParcel and 3D Parcel are registered as an object in current
registration system as shown in Figure 5.
The LandParcel is represented as a 2D geometry. This object is
inherited from the current 2D registration system. Figure 6
shows the data model of land parcel as a registered object.
LandParcel i.e. cadastral lot consists of boundary lines and
boundary marks. The 3DParcel is considered as 3D physical
object based on the hybrid solution by (Stoter, 2004). 3DParcel
is formed with 2D geometry and 3D information. The 3DParcel
is projected with the 3D bounded space with list of coordinate
that form flat faces and later form a 3D object which so called
3D cadastre object. The data model of 3DParcel is illustrated in
figure 7.