The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B4. Beijing 2008 
229 
. Figure 3.1 
Some of the features those are related with the neotectonic 
movements in the study area are,Upliftment of land masses; 
Longitudinal and transverse lineaments; Active land slides; 
Abrupt truncation of stream alignments; Longitudinal structural 
valleys; Unpaired terraces; Huge widening of intermountain 
valleys; Alignment of springs along mountain fronts; Steep 
scarps; Presence of residual hills and inclined river terraces 
Hydrogeology: 
The physical characters of rocks, including mineralogical and 
chemical composition, grain size, their sorting and packing and 
the primary structures that makes up the overall lithology have 
hydro-geological significance in the study area. Unconsolidated 
granular materials like gravels, cobbles, pebbles and sand 
deposits are potential aquifers and geological structures like 
synclinal folds, faults, joints and stratified rocks are potential 
zones for the movement and storage of ground water. 
The ground water potential of an area is dependent upon the 
intrinsic characters of the rocks and soil, surface hydrology, 
depositional and structural features are a direct consequence of 
the surface geomorphology. Thus it was imperative to delineate 
the geomorphic features in order to define the spatial 
distribution of different groundwater prospect classes. Satellite 
data in the study represents excellent information on the 
drainage and landforms (Figure- 3.2) that acts as a direct 
indicators of ground water occurrences, these landforms are 
direct indicators of the subsurface rock types and sub surface 
structures. Alluvial fans river terraces, palaeochannels, flood 
plains and other alluvial features are good indicators of ground 
water potential zones (Srivastava and Murthy, 1992) whereas 
the structural hills, ravenous zones are generally poor in ground 
water potential (Ravindran et al., 1995). Synclinal valleys and 
structural controlled valleys with inclined formation of alternate 
aquifer are the most favourable zones for the ground water 
exploration. Highly inclined alternate layers of rock formations 
are however unfavourable in the undulating hilly terrain. 
Hydrogeomorphology: 
Remotely sensed information on topography, drainage, fracture 
patterns, is directly related to the presence or absence of ground 
water. The defined drainage network over a large area subject 
to good rainfall may indicate good water occurrence. 
Information on soil also forms an important input in mapping 
ground water potential zones, e.g. coarse textured soils are 
generally permeable while fine textured soils indicate less 
permeability. Highly permeable soil permit relatively rapid rate 
of infiltration wherein much of the rainwater can reach ground 
water table. To evaluate the ground water potential zones, 
various parameters namely lithology, drainage, slope, 
lineaments, hydr-geomorphology, land use/land cover was 
delineated. 
Lithologically the Infra-Krol phyllites are hard and compact and 
are impervious, so is the Balani shales and Mandhali quartzites, 
however the Siwalik sandstones are porous and holds good 
water holding capacity, clay on the other hand are impervious 
and forms aquitards, the Siwalik sandstones, clays and boulder 
conglomerates and the eastern part is made up of the 
unconsolidated, porous material comprising of the Dun gravels 
which acts as a good water potential zone. Drainage maps were 
generated using the topographical sheets and updated these 
information using the latest satellite imageries (Figure-3.2) 
minute details were updated using aerial photographs. Drainage 
density was calculated for micro watersheds. The drainage 
density ranges between 0.1 to 0.6 per Km 2 . It is observed that 
the drainage density is high in the structural and cuesta type 
hills and higher in the Siwalik hills. The central eastern region 
with thick deposits of Dun gravels with low drainage density 
represents high permeability. 
Slope map was generated as slope percentage polygons using