The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B4. Beijing 2008 
1343 
Figure 5: section 
3.7 Real 3D model 
Trimble R8. 24-channel,double-frequency. 
4.2 Implementation organization 
It is the first time to make 3D photography for Great Wall. The 
geography of Shanhaiguan circumvallation is complex and 
trend is irregular. So if want to get the entire information of the 
wall we have separate them. Also we have to obey LiDAR 
system’s requirement for turning, speed and safety( the north 
side of the wall is mountains). Which add difficulties for lines 
design, data input and flight. 
This work creates a highly accurate 3D digital model for Great 
Wall. It is the first time in China and makes an example for 
Great Wall protection. The whole work is as follows: 
■ May.23.2006 to May.30, preparation 
■ Jun.l to Jun.4, terrestrial laser scanner work 
■ Jun.5 to Jun.l6, preparation for LiDAR system 
■ Jun. 17 to Jun. 18, LiDAR system work 
■ Jun.19 to Jul.5, DEM,DOM and 3D model making 
■ Jul.6 to Jul.9, production checking 
We make TIN model for the wall through laser data. The 
orthophoto and oblique textures have exact space relationship. 
So we can create real 3D model for Shanhaiguan. 
5. ACCURACY 
The checkpoint of Hebei mapping bureau checked our 
production’s accuracy. Here are the outcomings: 
1) For 44 points of 3D model, the average plane error is ± 
0.150m; the average elevation error is +0.103m. 
2) Checking 9 Jingbian tower elevation points using National 
IV Level, the average error is ± 0.065m. 
Checking 13 distance accuracy of 3D model, the average plane 
error is + 0.080m. 
3) For 10 points of section elevation accuracy(only for 
characteristic points), the average error is ± 0.131 m. 
6. CONCLUSION 
1) The combination of low altitude high pixel photography and 
multi-sides measurement technology reproduce the Great Wall 
multi-angle textures. 
Figure 6: Real 3D model of Shanghaiguan Great Wall 
4. IMPLEMENTATION 
4.1 Equipments 
1) Airborne Laser Scanner system 
IGI LiteMapper 5600. full return waveform 
digitization,Maximum pulse rate up to 100,000 HZ, have a 
medium-format airborne digital camera system of 22 million 
effective pixels. 
2) Terrestrial Laser Scanner system 
Riegl LMS-Z420i. consists of a high performance long-range 
3D laser scanner, associated operating and processing software 
RiSCAN PRO, and a calibrated and definitely orientated 
high-resolution digital camera that is Nokon D2X, 12.4 million 
effective pixels,focus length is 14mm. 
2) The integration of new Digital waveform LiDAR technology 
and terrestrial laser scan system in digital Great Wall reflect the 
Great Wall’s real 3D digital model. 
3) The combination of high definition 2D pictures and 3D laser 
points data make big scale 3D shanhaiguan great wall, which 
make real 3D Great Wall model is visible in computer. That 
makes Great Wall reconstruction more easy. 
4) It is the first time in China to combine LiDAR, terrestrial 
laser scanner, and other systems together. Which provides a new 
method for highly accurate and urgent project. It also offers a 
high technology way for digital city modeling. 
REFERENCES 
BC-CARMS,2006,LiDAR-Overview of Technology, 
Applications, Market Features& Industry,3p. 
3)GPS Receiver for base station