The International Archives of the Photogrammetry. Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B4. Beijing 2008 
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Tablel. Accuracy results for object-based classification with topographic data 
Master Landscape Type 
No Classification Category 
Conifer 
Plantation 
Evergreen 
Broad-leaved 
Forest 
Deciduous 
Broad-leaved 
Forest 
Bamboo 
Grove 
Grassland 
Wetland 
Vegetation 
Paddy Field 
Bare Ground 
Rural 
Residential 
Urban 
Residential 
Open Water 
Total 
Point 
Match 
Point 
User's 
Accuracy 
1 Conifer Plantation 
219 
2 
66 
40 
20 
1 
0 
16 
4 
2 
1 
371 
219 
59% 
2 Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest 
35 
32 
56 
23 
6 
0 
0 
6 
6 
8 
0 
172 
32 
19% 
3 Deciduous Broad-leaved Forest 
64 
7 
445 
35 
7 
1 
0 
11 
2 
2 
0 
574 
445 
78% 
4 Bamboo Grove 
130 
0 
132 
229 
8 
0 
0 
4 
15 
5 
0 
523 
229 
44% 
5 Grassland 
11 
1 
54 
10 
144 
62 
125 
12 
6 
35 
6 
466 
144 
31% 
6 Wetland Vegetation 
5 
0 
4 
2 
20 
200 
240 
3 
3 
0 
0 
477 
200 
42% 
7 Paddy Field 
1 
0 
2 
0 
7 
20 
429 
0 
1 
0 
1 
461 
429 
93% 
8 Bare Ground 
2 
2 
2 
1 
11 
0 
0 
281 
9 
23 
0 
331 
281 
85% 
9 Rural Residential 
79 
16 
125 
54 
77 
0 
0 
167 
242 
174 
0 
934 
242 
26% 
10 Urban Residential 
7 
1 
6 
3 
23 
0 
0 
68 
24 
518 
0 
650 
518 
80% 
11 Open Water 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
40 
40 
40 
100% 
Total 
553 
61 
892 
397 
323 
284 
794 
568 
312 
767 
48 
4999 
2779 
Produser's Accuracy 
40% 
52% 
50% 
58% 
45% 
70% 
54% 
49% 
78% 
68% 
83% 
*K = Class Kappa Index 
Overall Accuracy = 56% 
Overall Kappa Index = 0.51 
Table2. Accuracy results for object-based classification only (Kamagata et al., 2006) 
Master Landscape Type 
No Classification Category 
Conifer 
Plantation 
Evergreen 
Broad-leaved 
Forest 
Deciduous 
Broad-leaved 
Forest 
Bamboo 
Grove 
Grassland 
Wetland 
Vegetation 
Paddy Field 
Bare Ground 
Rural 
Residential 
Urban 
Residential 
Open Water 
ft 
Match 
Point 
User's 
Accuracy 
1 Conifer Plantation 
217 
2 
67 
39 
24 
8 
12 
13 
4 
2 
4 
392 
217 
55% 
2 Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest 
31 
32 
55 
22 
7 
7 
7 
2 
5 
5 
1 
174 
32 
18% 
3 Deciduous Broad-leaved Forest 
67 
7 
448 
36 
9 
7 
36 
11 
2 
2 
0 
625 
448 
72% 
4 Bamboo Grove 
130 
0 
133 
232 
12 
1 
22 
4 
15 
5 
0 
554 
232 
42% 
5 Grassland 
8 
1 
50 
5 
104 
34 
48 
6 
4 
23 
2 
285 
104 
36% 
6 Wetland Vegetation 
4 
3 
8 
4 
65 
173 
34 
38 
16 
48 
1 
394 
173 
44% 
7 Paddy Field 
8 
0 
5 
2 
5 
1 
357 
31 
6 
7 
0 
422 
357 
85% 
8 Bare Ground 
2 
2 
2 
1 
11 
6 
93 
273 
6 
17 
0 
413 
273 
66% 
9 Rural Residential 
79 
13 
123 
52 
63 
42 
155 
138 
234 
154 
0 
1053 
234 
22% 
10 Urban Residential 
7 
1 
2 
4 
23 
5 
30 
52 
20 
504 
0 
648 
504 
78% 
11 Open Water 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
40 
40 
40 
100% 
Total 
553 
61 
893 
397 
323 
284 
794 
568 
312 
767 
48 
5000 
2614 
Produser's Accuracy 
39% 
52% 
50% 
58% 
32% 
61% 
45% 
48% 
75% 
66% 
83% 
*K = Class Kappa Index 
Overall Accuracy = 52% 
Overall Kappa Index = 0.47 
(a) IKONOS 
(b) Landscape Map 
FigurelO. Comparison of landscape map with 
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 
The image results generated by the two classification methods 
are shown in Figure 6 (object-based using topographic data), 
and 7 (object-based only); and the classification accuracy for 
these two methods are shown respectively in Table 1 and 2. 
In terms of overall classification accuracy, the object-based 
using topographic data results (56%) scored higher than object- 
based alone (52%). In terms of overall Kappa index as well, 
object-based with topographic (0.51) outscored the object-based 
only (0.47). 
The results using only spectral characteristics generated a 
producer’s accuracy for Rural Residential of 75%. In contrast, 
the user’s accuracy for this same landscape type was only 22%. 
This large gap may be attributed to the fact that the Rural 
Residential area also included small patches of forest, barren 
land and agriculture area, which in terms of spectral 
characteristics overlap substantially with other landscape types 
such as forest and Bare Ground. Misclassification of Paddy