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Thë International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B7. Beijing 2008 
4. ACCURACY ASPECTS 
For Rural areas: Prescribed accuracy of the linear 
measurements better than 0.25 m, with a confidence level of 
90% for distances within 1000 m 
For urban areas: Prescribed accuracy of the linear measurements 
better than 0.25 m, with a confidence level of 90% for distances 
within 1000 m 
Michal Kasser & yves Egels;2002, Digital Programmetry ; 
Taylor & Francis, London. P.16 
Raghu Venkataraman V , Jayalakshmi I.; Srinivas P.;2008; 
Digital ortho photo generation using large scale aerial 
photography for cadastral resurvey of Nizamabad district in 
Andhra Pradesh, India. International Symposium, on 
Contemporary Trends in Cadastral Surveys and Land Titling, 
Hyderabad, India 
Tests done on the ground by measuring 10 distances on the Vinod Agrawal,2007, Interview, GIS India June 2007 
ground with Totsal Stations and compared with 
Photogrammetry derived measurements. 
90% agreed within the prescribed limits. However, the 
identification of point on the ground and in the image is very 
critical in determining the accuracy. Therefore, the points 
selected in the field for measurements must be properly 
documented in the form of simple field sketches for accurate 
identification on orthoimage in the laboratory. 
5. COST ASPECTS 
In Nizamabad Project, the cost works out to Rs 500 per hectare. 
Encouraged by this experiment the government approved ILIS 
projects for five more districts of Andhra Pradesh. It is possible 
to complete the LIS for the whole country in five to ten years 
through PPP system. 
Considering the average cost of rural land as one million Indian 
Rupees per hectare and other numerous benefits of ILIS, the 
investment on ILIS is a fraction and is insignificant. This 
approach can be adopted in other countries where resurveys are 
required to prepare LIS. This approach is not only economical 
and speedy but also helps in providing proper land ownership 
title, an important need of the society. 
6. CONCLUSIONS 
The paper briefly reviewed the experimentations carried out in 
India for cadastral surveys in the past four decades. Traditional 
ground surveys using measuring chain/Plane Table, Analogue 
phtogorammetry techniques, Simple Rectified aerial photo 
techniques, DGPS & Total Station based ground surveys and 
finally Digital Photogrammetry methodology have been 
examined. Based on the case study of Nizamabad District in 
Andhra Pradesh (India ) with an area of 8000 sq km using 
digital photogrammetry, it has become clear that the hybrid 
methodology using combination of Digital Photgrammetry, 
DGPS and Total Station yielded best results in terms of cost, 
accuracy and efficiency. A different strategy may be needed for 
forested areas. Thus India is on the verge of implementing land 
survey projects at national level, using digital photogrammetry 
and involving grass root level population in the field tasks. 
REFERENCES 
Dhal N.,2008, Digital photogrammetry for cadastral surveys & 
land titling: Angul-nalco technology as path-setter, International 
Symposium, on Contemporary Trends in Cadastral Surveys and 
Land Titling, Hyderabad, India 
Kumar GS ,2005, Cadastral Surveying & Photogrammetry: A 
review of Indian scenario, GIS India March 2005