ALLOWAY KIRK—ALLOY. 
  
  
entitling him to be lodged at the public expense, 
and whose lodging is not otherwise paid for by the 
public, receives an allowance as ‘lodging-money,’ 
varying in amount according to his rank. An officer 
marching with troops in the United Kingdom, on 
a route determined by competent authority, if unable 
to mess with his regiment or detachment on a 
particular day, receives an allowance in compensa- 
tion. An officer sent on permanent or temporary 
duty from one place to another, receives a travelling 
allowance of so much per mile. An officer serving 
on a court-martial receives an allowance at so much 
per day, besides a travelling allowance if the place 
be distant. An officer temporarily detached on 
duty, where he cannot join his regimental mess, 
has an allowance for mess-money. Besides those 
here enumerated, there are A. for detention at ports 
of embarkation, &c., and others of a minor kind. 
A. or extra payments to private soldiers and 
non-commissioned officers, will be noticed under 
Pay, PensioN, &c.—The daily food served out at 
the public expense, which is called a ration by 
soldiers, is more usually known to sailors as an 
allowance. See RATION. 
A'LLOWAY KIRK, an old ruined church in the 
parish of Ayr, near the mouth of the Doon, celebrated 
in Burng’s T'am o’ Shanter. At very short distances 
from it are the cottage in which the poet was born, 
the monument erected to his memory in 1823, and 
the ¢ Twa Brigs,” ‘the Auld Brig o’ Doon’ and the 
new bridge over that river. 
ALLOY' (in Chemistry) is a mixture of two or 
more metals, either natural, or produced artificially 
by melting them together. The A., or mixture, has 
often different properties from the component metals, 
and bears a distinct name. Thus, bell-metal is an A. 
of copper and tin; tombak, of copper and zinc; 
brass, of copper, with a larger proportion of zinc, 
&c. Alloys are generally harder than the metals 
that compose them, and this is the motive for alloy- 
ing the precious metals. Both gold and silver, when 
pure, are very soft, and easily worn away by use; 
and therefore, a certain proportion of copper is 
added, to give these metals the requisite hardness. 
In this case the word ‘alloy’ signifies the inferior 
metal added, and not the mixture. For coin, the 
proportion of copper to be added is fixed by law 
(see the following article), and differs in different 
states. It has been found by experiment that {4 of 
A. gives the greatest durability. This is exactly the 
proportion in British gold coin, a pound troy of the 
metal containing 11 parts gold and 1 part copper. 
The A. in our silver coin is somewhat less, being 18 
dwt. in the pound instead of 20 dwt. For conveni- 
ence in reckoning, the standard of the coinage in 
France, and other countries that adopt its monetary 
system, as well as in the United States, is made % 
pure metal and 5 A., usually stated 900 (in 1000) 
parts fine. Our gold and silver standards similarly 
stated would be 917 and 925 respectively. Gold is 
sometimes alloyed with silver, or with a mixture of 
silver and copper. The colour of gold and silver is 
affected by the nature and amount of the A. A 
strong A. of copper makes gold red ; of silver, green ; 
and a still stronger of silver, a bright yellow. A 
compound of mercury with another metal is an 
Amalgam (q. v.). 
Alloys seldom possess the density which theory or 
calculation from the specific gravity of their con- 
stituents would indicate. Thus, many alloys possess 
a greater density than the mean density of their con- 
stituents, whilst others have a less density. The 
increase in density of the A. indicates that the 
metals have contracted; in other words, that the 
metallic molecules have approached each other more 
  
closely ; whilst the decrease in density denotes a 
separation of the molecules to greater distances from 
each other. 
ALLOYS ALLOYS 
which exhibit a greater density | which possess a less density 
than the mean density of the than the mean density of the 
metals composing them. metals composing them. 
Gold and Zine. Gold and Silver. 
" n  Tin. " n  Iron. 
] " Bismuth. " " Lead. 
" » Antimony. " n  Copper. 
" n COba»It. y n Il‘idium. 
Silver n Zinc. € " n Nickel- 
" e Bint Silver , Copper. 
n n  Bismuth, Iron »  Bismuth. 
" n  Antimony. " n  Antimony. 
Copper » Zine. " n  Lead. 
n wi Tin Tin n Lead. 
" n  Palladium. " n Palladium, 
" n  Bismuth, " » Antimony. 
Lead 4 Antimony. Nickel , Silver. 
Platinum and Molybdenum, | Zine » Antimony. 
Palladium , Bismuth. 
  
The strength or cohesion of an A. is generally 
greater than that of the mean cohesion of the metals 
contained therein, or even of that of the most cohesive 
of its constituents. Thus, the breaking weight of a 
bar of copper or tin (meaning the longitudinal 
strain it can bear) is very much lower than the 
breaking weight of a bar composed of an A. of tin 
and copper. The following tables represent the 
COHESION OF METALS. 
Bar, one inch square, 
breaks with 
1bs. 
bs. 
Barbary Copper, . . < 122570 
Japan " - % . 20,272 
English Block Tin, . 3 : 6,650 
’ i . . 5,392 
Banca Tin, . ; : : 3,679 
Malacca Tin, . . : 3,211 
Bismuth, . ; ’ 3 3,008 
Zine, i 14 § 3 . 2,689 
Antimony, . X ; ; 1,060 
Lead, . : : g 885 
When any two of the above metals combine 
together, they generally—though not always—yield 
an A. which is much stronger than we should 
expect ; thus the 
COHESION OF ALLOYS. 
Bar, one inch square, 
yields with 
1bs. 
10 parts of Copper and 1 part of Tin, . 82,093 
8 " 3w n 36,088 
6 " n 1 1 n . 44,071 
4 n Bl " 35,739 
2 " n 1 n n . 1,017 
1 " n 1 " " 725 
4 , EnglishTinandl Lead, . 10,607 
4 , Baneca » 1l Antimony, 13,480 
4 n won 1 o Bismuth, 16,692 
4 , EnglishTin » 1 Zine, . 10,258 
4 " s s iz Antimony, 11,323 
The power of conducting electrical currents is 
not so great in an A. as the mean conducting- 
power of its components. 
The composition of the more commonly occurring 
and  commercially important alloys, is as follows: 
Plumber’s solder, 1 tin and 2 lead ; soft solder, 2 tin 
and 1 lead; common pewter, 4 tin and 1 lead; 
gun-metal, 9 copper and 1 tin; bronze, 9 copper and 
1 tin and zinc; cymbals and Chinese gongs, 4 copper 
  
  
  
  
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