ISPRS, Vol.34, Part 2W2, ‘‘Dynamic and Multi-Dimensional GIS”, Bangkok, May 23-25, 2001
digital images, and using CAD to produce the engineering
drawings needed. An advantage for PM Pro in this procedure is
that PM Pro provides the results compatible to CAD. An example
of fulfilling this idea can be found at the web site of
PhotoModeler (Collins, 1995). In this project, a CAD plot of a 2D
elevation drawing was made for the entrance arch to St.
Stephen’s Green in Dublin, Ireland. The 3D data loaded into
AutoCAD were the results produced by PM Pro in processing 3
digital photographs of the arch taken with a Kodak DCS 100
Digital camera. In GIS, such engineering drawing needs to be
prepared before hand and stored for the retrieval. For the
important architectures or objects, such information as extended
attribute in a GIS package would be quite worthwhile for the
relevant users.
RELATED CONCERNS: When digital photographs are
pre-processed by DCRP software like PM Pro and then
incorporated into a GIS package, they contains rich information
of the related spatial entities (or land features), including spatial
information and non-spatial information. The issues of data
exchange and data management for using the DCRP data in a
GIS package need to be handled properly. For data exchange,
the DCRP package as a donor system, may needs to be
incorporated into the GIS package as a receiver system. The
choosing of the interchange standards can be facilitated by the
fact that many present GIS packages and DCRP packages are
capable of accepting and exporting most of the currently
common data formats, for which the multiple format input output
of PM Pro serves as a good example, while the strategy of the
incorporation its self could be a new issue to a number of GIS
designers and users. For data management, special cares are
needed for arranging the DCRP data into proper levels or layers
in a GIS package, to make efficient use of the above stated
applications of DCRP in GIS. A number of detailed issues would
need to be handled in the concrete and practical work of the
data management and retrieval hierarchy, the proper design of
feature code and feature key for example. Both
photogrammetrists and designers or users of GIS are expected
to make efforts to improve their own products for promoting the
incorporation of DCRP into GIS, which is beneficial to both. For
the photogrammetrists, the incorporation means a very potential
market, and for the GIS designers and users, the incorporation is
bringing about a very effective and useful enhancement to GIS.
SUGGESTIONS: 1. Digital close range photogrammetry (DCRP)
provides a number of very potential and attractive ways of
spatial feature presentation for GIS, including generating,
viewing and outputting the intuitive ortho photo (or original)
images and 3D models, generating, viewing and outputting of
life-like animation, geometrical information extraction directly
from displayed digital photographs or 3D models, generating and
outputting of engineering drawings. These applications of SCRP
in GIS will be effectively helpful to enable a GIS package to
become more user-friendly and popular. 2. The incorporation of
DCRP into GIS will be a tendency in the near future due to the
mutually beneficial factors, namely the potential market to
photogrammetrists and the attractive enhancement of GIS
packages to GIS designers and users, although the
incorporation is not yet a current common practice. 3. Both
photogrammetrists in DCRP and designers of GIS need to make
efforts to improve their own products for promoting the merging
of DCRP into GIS. Some specific issues including data
exchange and data management need to be handled
cooperatively by both expertise fields.
REFERENCES
Collins, Patrick (1995). St. Stephen’s Green Arch Architecture
Drawing Project,
htto://www. Photomodeler. com/PROJS/ARCH/ARCH. HTM
Deng, Gang and Faig, Wolfgang, (2001). An Evaluation of an
Off-the-Shelf Digital Close-Range Photogrammetric Software
Package, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,
62(2), pp. 227-233, American Society for Photogrammetry
and Remote Sensing.
Deng, Gang (1999). Practical Testing and Evaluating of the EOS
PhotoModeler®, an Off-the-Shelf Digital Close Range
Photogrammetric Software Package. Department of Geodesy
and Geomatics Engineering Technical Report No. 201,
University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick,
Canada, 93 pp.
EOS Systems Inc. (1997), PhotoModeler Pro User Manual. 12th
Edition, EOS Systems Inc. Vancouver, Canada, 389 pp.
EOS Systems In. (2001), VRML Town Project,
httpV/www, Photomodeler.com/PROJ S/VRMLTOWN/town.htm
Hanke, Klaus (1998). Accuracy Study Project of Eos Systems'
PhotoModeler,
http://www. Photomodeler, com/study/study3. htm
Lee, Y.C. (1996). GIS for the Curious. 2 nd Edition, Geomatics
Canada, 286 pp.
Li, Xiaopeng (1999). Photogrammetric Investigation into
Low-Resolution Digital Cameras. Ph. D. Thesis, Department
of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New
Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada, 180 pp.
