Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Damen, M. C. J.

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Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856343064

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: XV, 547 Seiten

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856343064

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,1)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: 2 Microwave data. Chairman: N. Lannelongue, Liaison: L. Krul

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: Detection by side-looking radar of geological structures under thin cover sands in arid areas. B. N. Koopmans

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

155 h histogram W rÛL icy histogram R-B not on LFC h histogram rHftufliïT icy histogram MJ h "C not on SIR tents: present on LFC ent on SIR-B. tr to it overre- Sudan, the sun îun elevation of in both cases >nt: 50 E from N ■B and 40 E from illumination is for sunlight on he radar energy E lineaments on d, volume scat- 1 be less than parameters four ;re made: ited from SIR-B :rom SIR-B image ireted from LFC from LFC photo jroups (fig. 9) rations : a broad row peak around c directions are classes). Table 3. Results of the x 2 test for four groups of directional classes. I II III IV I - 25.5* 96.3 124.2 II 25.5* - 107.8 110.6 III 96.3 107.8 - 30.6* IV 124.4 110.6 30.6* - df : 17 (degrees of freedom) * Ho: Distribution similar, differences due to random errors. To determine if significant differences occur between the groups of directional classes, a x 2 test is used (table 3). As can be expected, comparison of groups I and II (both from radar interpretation) gives a small variance of 25.5. We can accept the hypothesis (Ho) that no signi ficant differences occur between the samples and that the differences are due to random errors. The same is true for Groups III and IV (both from LFC interpretation). Comparisons of Groups I and III, I and IV, and II and III give rather high values, so the null hypothesis has to be rejected and the samples have to be considered as different. Considering the contribution of the different directional classes to the total variances it can be seen (table 4) that midclass directions 310° and 320° and midclass directions 50° and 60° cause the principal differences. For comparison of Group I and III (all radar lineaments and all LFC lin eaments) , the directional classes 310°-320° of the observed frequencies for radar interpretation are considerably higher than the expected frequencies according to the null hypothesis, whereas for the LFC photo-interpretation they are lower. For direc tional classes 50°-60°, the reverse is true; here the observed frequencies on radar are much lower than the expected frequencies according to null hypothesis. Apparently the enhancement of lineaments oriented perpendicular to the radar look direction causes the overrepresentation. The direction perpendicular to the sun azimuth for the LFC photo apparently is of no influence, because this direction is under represented. Radar look direction (50°) is of nega tive influence in lineament detectabilty as was expected, but sun azimuth direction for LFC seems to have little influence. Comparing Groups II and III (only radar lineaments not present on LFC and all LFC lineaments), the con tribution to the variance is still even larger for the directional classes parallel and perpendicular to the radar look direction. In directional class 50° (radar look direction) , not a single dike lin eament has been observed on radar which was not also visible on the LFC against 30 lineaments on the LFC image not interpreted from radar. Considering the LFC lineaments not present on radar in comparison with the distribution of all radar lineaments (Groups IV and I), we again see the negative influence of radar look direction on lin eament detectibility. In direction 310°-320° and 340°, an overrepresentation of lineaments is found on the radar image; 310°-320° is partly due to the radar azimuth orientation, but the 340° direction may be a result of penetration through superficial sand cover. CONCLUSIONS In the Iranian case, the differences in length re cognition of the strike ridges interpreted from radar and from hand-held camera images are largest. Nearly double the length (28 km) can be seen on Table 4. Contribution to variance for different directional classes. Midclass direction: Group I/Group III Group II/Group III w 270 .12 .11 W 1.80 .66 280 .00 .00 .36 .13 290 1.27 1.15 3.20 1.22 300 2.72 2.47 .25 .09 310 6.34+ 5.75- 18.23+ 6.73- 320 8.62+ 1 M 00 r- 21.24+ 7.84- 330 .74 .67 5.07 1.87 340 1.13 1.03 .00 .00 350 1.71 1.55 1.33 .49 N 0 1.19 1.08 N .30 .11 10 .75 .68 1.58 .58 20 .34 .31 .07 .03 30 .64 .58 2.70 .99 40 2.55 2.31 4.62 1.71 50 13.05- 11.84+ 12.94- 4.78+ 60 7.56- 6.86+ 4.34 1.60 70 1.76 1.60 .31 . 11 80 .00 .00 .30 .11 E E Total = 96.3 Total = 107.8 Group II/Group IV Group I/Group IV W 1.27 1.04 W .09 .18 .02 .02 .09 .19 .72 .59 .08 .16 .14 .11 .99 2.01 12.13+ 9.96- 4.10+ 8.28- 9.55 7.85 3.05+ 6.17- 2.13 1.75 .17 .34 2.29 1.88 3.45 6.96- .01 .01 .01 .02 N 1.69 1.39 N .03 .07 .36 .30 .03 .05 .03 .03 .00 .00 1.35 1.11 .02 .05 4.03 3.31 1.81 3.66 13.53- 11.11 11.93- 24.11+ 11.25- 9.24+ 14.82- 29.93+ .11 .09 .02 .03 .09 .08 .45 .91 E E Total = 110.6 Total = 124.2 + Observed frequency considerably higher than expected frequency according to null hypothesis. - Observed frequency considerably lower than expected frequency according to null hypothesis. radar before the strike ridges seem to disappear under the superficial sand cover. The ground resolu tion of the SIR-A image is much better than that of the hand-held shuttle photography. Unfortunately, no more detailed images or field observations have been obtained over this area, so that no conclusive de duction could be made regarding possible penetration of microwaves through superficial sand cover. In the arid area of the eastern desert, Egypt/Red Sea hills, Sudan, the study of length and frequency of dike swarms in sandy areas did not conclusively reveal penetration capability of microwaves through aeolian sands to reveal lightly covered dike struc tures. In most cases, frequency and cumulative length of interpreted dikes from the SIR-B images was smaller than that interpreted from LFC photo graphy. Both types of images have approximately the same order of spatial resolution (approximately 20 m). The tonal range of the LFC photos is larger and, moreover, they can be studied in stereo, giving them a slight advantage for interpretation. Only in area 3 was a higher frequency of radar lineaments found. Close visual comparison of the two interpretations gives the impression that penetration of microwaves through superficial sand cover has resulted in a larger number of detectable dikes on the radar image.

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