Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Damen, M. C. J.

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Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856343064

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: XV, 547 Seiten

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856343064

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,1)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: 2 Microwave data. Chairman: N. Lannelongue, Liaison: L. Krul

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) interpretation of the Kashgar region in western Xinjiang, China. Dirk Werle

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

portions of the alluvial fans (Figure 4). On the SIR-A image, cultivated areas may be identified by a network of bright lines forming mainly rectangular (G-13), square (C-10) or triangular (G-10) grid patterns. These radar signatures result from the specific backscattering behavior of forested windshelter belts which often form so-called 'kuluns' (enclosures) to protect the cultivated land from wind erosion. The most common trees are fast growing poplars (Populus ssp.) The bright image tone is primarily due to the strong volume scattering effects of microwave energy within the tree canopy, independent of the orientation of shelter belts towards the radar (Figure 6). Other backscatter components include multiple reflection of the scattered radar signal from the trees and the surrounding ground surface, and scattering effects at the surface of the tree canopy. The linear arrangement of trees along cultivated land, major irrigation and drainage canals, roads and settlements eventually defines the outlines of the oases. In two areas windshelter belts are hardly dectable (H-ll, H-12)(Figure 7C), whereas the cultivated fields can readily be recognized by their rectangular shape and contrasting shades of grey tones. The high regularity and the relatively large size of the field identifies these areas as recent development schemes, where tree growths has not yet advanced to form sizeable wind shelter belts. The close relationship between the irrigation schemes of the oases and the natural drainage network of the Pamirs is illustrated in Figure 5. The discharge from the glacier-fed streams during the meltwater season contributes largely to the water supply of the Kashgar region. The catchment of the Gez River (D-19) is most important in terms of its large annual water discharge. It drains the entire Kingata Range, the northern and western flank of Mount Kongur and defines the eastern divide of the Sarikol Mountains. At the edge of the mountain zone the rivers are regulated in part by the headworks of the irrigation systems. The meltwater is diverted into distributary canals across the alluvial fans (E-14, G-17) and then fed into the respective irrigation and drainage systems. The irrigation schemes may be identified by following the outlines of the windshelter belts, since the course of the canals and the rows of protecting trees are closely associated (Figure 7). Irrigation canals of cultivated land along the foot of an alluvial fan (G-13) tap the local ground water horizon by a series of parallel canals. These vary in length between 3 km and 10 km. Irrigation within the alluvial plain relies on a distributary network of canals, providing water either directly by the diversion of meltwater streams or through various water retention basins (F-ll). The entire canal system extends more than 100 km and consists of numerous bifurcations. A high density of shelter belts and a high bifurcation rate of the canal system characterize the well developed and traditional cultivated areas (H-8). An elongated, low density network defines more recent land reclamation areas (F-l/2) towards the edge of the alluvial plain. These consist of only one or two main arteries formed by the irrigation canal, road, settlements and wind shelter belts (Plate 2). The surface geometry of built-up areas generally represent dihedral corner reflectors to incident radar beams, thus providing strong return signals and bright image tone. Market towns such as Yengisar (C-10) and Akto (G-13) are located in the centre of the traditional agricultural areas. In the more recent land reclamation areas smaller settlements may be identified (C-6, D-7, F-3 and Plate 2). 6 CONCLUSIONS In the western literature, there are only few remote sensing studies which focus on regional-geographic ALLUVIAL PLAIN ROAD CANAL Plate 2. Oblique aerial view of windshelter belts in recent land reclamation areas of western Xinjiang, as depicted in Figure 7D. (Photo: D. Werle, Oct. 1984) Figure 6. Schematic profile of different tracing configurations and backscattering behavior of incident microwave beams within or at the tree canopy (1 = multiple scattering effects, 2 = volume scatter effects within the tree canopy, 3 = backscatter effects at the tree canopy). Figure 7. Four SIR-A subscenes within the study area representing different patterns of irrigation schemes as outlined by strong radar backscattering behaviour of windshelter belts along the canal and road network. (A = traditional cultivation areas along the foot of an alluvial fan, B = irrigation scheme with well developed windshelter belts and harvested fields, C = recent land reclamation area with less well developed windshelter belts and partly cultivated fields, D = linear development of recent land reclamation areas within the alluvial plain).

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