Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Damen, M. C. J.

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Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856343064

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: XV, 547 Seiten

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856343064

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,1)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: 3 Spectral signatures of objects. Chairman: G. Guyot, Liaison: N. J. J. Bunnik

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: Relationship between soil and leaf metal content and Landsat MSS and TM acquired canopy reflectance data. C. Banninger

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

195 Symposium on Remote Sensing for Resources Development and Environmental Management / Enschede / August 1986 Relationship between soil and leaf metal content and Landsat MSS and TM acquired canopy reflectance data C.Banninger Institute for Image Processing and Computer Graphics, Research Centre Joanneum, Graz, Austria ABSTRACT: The presence of high concentrations of copper, lead, and zinc in the soils under lying a spruce tree stand is not mirrored in the metal content of the spruce needles, except for zinc. A much stronger correlation exists between Landsat canopy reflectance data and soil metal content than with spruce needle metal content. This implies that the toxic effects of the heavy metals on the spruce trees are centered in the root systems rather than in the fo liar parts of the trees. 1 . INTRODUCTION Plants respond to the uptake of toxic amounts of heavy metals into their system by undergoing physiological and morphological changes that are detectable using spaceborne sensor systems. These metal-induced changes are commonly expemplified by a reduction in leaf pigment and water content and a decrease in plant foliar biomass or density, which, in turn, result in changes in the spectral response of the stressed plants. Although the relationship between soil and leaf metal con tent and canopy reflectance can conceptually appear straightforward, it is often much more complex and less well-defined than it ini tially appears. Such is the case with the study described in this paper, which set out to establish the connection between soil geo chemistry, leaf biogeochemistry, and changes in Landsat MSS and TM reflectance data from a coniferous tree stand growing in soils con taining high concentrations of copper, lead, and zinc. 2. HEAVY METAL UPTAKE AND TOLERANCE IN PLANTS Most plant species restrict their metal uptake by exclusion or internal regulatory mechanisms operating at the plant roots-soil interface and within the plant's metabolic systems, provided that the available metal concentration in the soil does not exceed a certain critical threshold, which varies for each species and set of environmental site conditions. Above this threshold concentra tion, the regulatory mechanisms breakdown and are unable to prevent an unstricted up take of metals by the plant. The uptake pro cess operating in a plant involves the ab sorption of elements by the plant root sys tem, their translocation through the aerial parts of the plant, and their subsequent de position in the plant's leaves and woody parts. Heavy metals, therefore, can accumu late in all parts of the plant, although a large fraction of the absorbed metals is pre vented from reaching the aerial parts of a plant by being precipitated in the tissue cells of the root system. The roots of plants generally contain greater amounts of metals than the aerial parts, particularly at high soil metal concentrations (Hawkes and Webb, 1962; Antonovics et al., 1971). Cannon (1960) reported ratio values of heavy metals in plant roots to aerial parts as high as 200:1. 3. COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC UPTAKE AND TOLER ANCE IN PLANTS Plants take up from the soil only those elements that are freely and readily avail able in water-soluble form. Element uptake occurs mainly in response to a plant's nutri tional requirements, and most plants attempt to control the absorption and level of con centration of the various elements within their system, regardless of the amounts in the soil. Plants exhibit a strong biological absorption for zinc, moderate for copper, and weak for lead (Perel'man, 1967), which mirror the moderate, moderately severe, and severe levels of toxicity, respectively, of these metals to plants (Hawkes and Webb, 1962; Bowen, 1966; Brooks, 1972). The uptake pattern of copper and lead differs markedly from that of zinc. The ab sorption of zinc into a plant's system is normally unrestrictive, which indicates that an internal tolerance mechanism, rather than an exclusion mechanism, operates in plants for zinc. For copper and lead, their uptake by plants is small compared to zinc, and is con trolled by an exclusion mechanism situated in the plant root system. Both copper and lead, and even zinc, are largely accumulated in the plant root tissues, which generally contain greater concentrations of the metals than the leaves and twigs. 4. LANDSAT MSS AND TM SPECTRAL BANDS FOR STRESS DETECTION The Landsat MSS and TM sensor systems collect reflectance data in the visible to shortwave infrared spectral region, which can be used to assess the state of health of vegetation. Although the four sensor band- widths of the MSS system encompass a number of plant-energy relationships useful for de- terming the condition of a plant canopy, the presence of more than one important plant- radiation association within these bands de- minishes their ability to detect changes in the spectral properties of plants related to their health.

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