Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Damen, M. C. J.

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Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856343064

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: XV, 547 Seiten

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856343064

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,1)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: 3 Spectral signatures of objects. Chairman: G. Guyot, Liaison: N. J. J. Bunnik

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: Selection of bands for a newly developed Multispectral Airborne Reference-aided Calibrated Scanner (MARCS). M. A. Mulders, A. N. de Jong, K. Schurer, D. de Hoop

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

302 CHOPPER AXIS ^ Fig. 1. Schematic presentation of MARCS. means of them, spectral combination and feature extractions can be made. The use of a different set of filters is possible provided that the choice of wavelengths takes account of the transmission properties of the atmosphere and of the spectral range of the respective detectors. Exchange of a filterset can be done in a few hours. SELECTION OF BANDS The selection of bands is directed by three aspects, viz.: - the position of the atmospheric windows, - the absorption properties of atoms, ions and molecules in soil minerals and organic matter, - the spectral shift connected to physiological damage of plants as well as the reflection and absorption properties of healthy vegetation. The atmospheric windows are given in Fig. 2. Our area of interest is limited to the zone between 0.3 pm and 13 pm , which contains atmospheric windows and therefore good possibilities for remote sensing. Laboratory data on spectral reflectance of mineral materials are given by Hunt et al. (1970- 76), Fitzgerald (1974), Kahle et al. (1980), Siegal (1980) and Mulders (1986). A summary of absorption bands due to electronic and vibrational processes in the 0.4-2.5 pm wavelength range of the electromagnetic spectrum is given in Fig. 3. The bands produced by electronic processes in solid matter containing ferrous or ferric ions are generally broad and occur in the ultraviolet, extending less frequently into the visible and near infrared with as a limit a band at 1.1 pm . On the contrary, vibrational processes produce relatively sharp bands. The vibrational features observed in reflectance spectra in the visible and near infrared are due to overtones or combination tones of H2O, OH' and CO3". Wavelength (pm) Fig. 2. Atmospheric windows (after Barrett and Curtis, 1976; originally Fleagle and Businger, 1963). III II III II 1 Fe 1 1 Fe 1 1 1 .4 jjm o!ô » 1 .1 °- 8 • 1 1.0 of CO '' * Fe' OH' H 2 o 3 H 2 0 OH' OH' 1 1 I 1 1 ± -Ì- -L .0 jjm 1 Ì5 • 1 * 1 I I 1 2.0 2.5 strong 1 weak 1 1 broad band 1 1 _1_ sharp band Fig. 3. Absorption bands in the 0.4-2.5 pm range. The variety in sites of water molecules within minerals leads to a variety in frequencies of the fundamental modes. In the near infrared, two water absorption bands occur at 1.4 pm and 1.9 pm respectively. The vibration of the hydroxyl group, the OH stretching mode, results in bands at 1.4 pm and 2.8 pm . The combination of the OH stretching mode with lattice vibrational modes in layer silicates produces a band at 2.2 pm . The 1.4 pm and 1.9 pm bands may have such a great influence on the nearby spectral zones that they are noticeable in these zones for example in case of moist soil surfaces. Furthermore, overtone and combination tones of internal vibrations of CO3" anion radical, or combinations with the lattice vibrations, result in bands between 1.6 pm and 2.5 pm . A summary on vibrational features is given in table 1. Table 2 presents a summary on absorption bands of humic acids. DATA PROCESSING Information extraction may be done in digital processing by using ratios of the reflectance values in the different bands. Band 9 serves as a reference for the reflective bands (1 to 12). Both soils and vegetation exhibit a high reflectance in band 9. Furthermore, a display of each of the combinations of two bands for a sample set reveals the correlation of the data. High correlation means that no extra information is obtained by that combination so that one of the bands can be omitted for further study. On the contrary, low correlated combinations are interesting for further use (Epema, 1986). Data reduction has high priority since the number of bands is high. To guide the choice of bands, preliminary measurements can be made in the field with the same detector unit mounted on a tripod. CONCLUSIONS A versatile multiband scanner approaches completion. By the choice of the wavelength bands it is suited for the detection of features on the surface of the earth of both mineralogical and agricultural interest. Full data, including reference and calibration data, are recorded during the flight. Data processing is performed off line on a ground based system.

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