Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Damen, M. C. J.

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Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856343064

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: XV, 547 Seiten

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856343064

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,1)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: 4 Renewable resources in rural areas: Vegetation, forestry, agriculture, soil survey, land and water use. Chairman: J. Besenicar, Liaisons: M. Molenaar, Th. A. de Boer

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: Inventory of decline and mortality in spruce-fir forests of the eastern U.S. with CIR photos. W. M. Ciesla, C. W. Dull, L. R. McCreery & M. E. Mielke

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

393 [onongahela inventories Management e to obtain ality of red ted species, res of these a red spruce es. and mortality as. a red spruce and fir re- hanical fac- mortality of h results of ted in three red spruce, ion. Survey northeastern Vermont; (2) Lnia; (3) and occupy the estern North southwestern of northern in extensive eas have not jse they have iation by C. e mortality, h spruce and range of red Aerial photography, using several photo scales and film formats, has been an integral part of these inventories. With one exception, color infrared (CIR) film has been used exclusively (Table 1). Aerial photos have been used to identify forested areas containing a spruce component and classify them into a series of vegetation types. Vegetation types were then stratified into a series of mortality classes. Aerial photos have also been used to make counts of dead and declining trees on fixed area photo plots. Overall survey designs and aerial photographic parameters varied somewhat by survey area. 4.1 Northeastern United States In 1984, an extensive inventory of the Adirondack Mountains and Tug Hill Plateau regions of New York, and portions of Vermont and New Hampshire was initiated (Weiss et al. 1986) (Fig. 3). This inventory was based on estimates made from 55 randomly selected 3150 ha aerial photo sample blocks. Each block was photographed with CIR film at a scale of 1:8000. Blocks were stratified into four vegetation classes which contained a spruce and fir component (Table 2) and three mortality classes (Table 3). A series of ca 1 ha. photo plots were randomly established in each of the mortality classes within three of the vegetation classes for tree counts. Aerial photo data was adjusted by a small sample of ground plots using double sampling with regression (Wear et al. 1966). During the following year, selected areas of the Adirondack Mountains of New York and portions of Vermont and New Hampshire, including the Green Mountain and White Mountain National Forests, were photographed. Complete coverage of these areas with 1:24000 scale CIR film was acquired. These photos are being used to map the location of concentrations of moderate and heavy spruce and fir mortality in vegetation types with a spruce component. 4.2 West Virginia In 1985, an inventory to estimate levels of red spruce decline and mortality was conducted on the Monongahela National Forest and adjoining private lands in West Virginia (Mielke et al. 1986). Aerial photography used for this inventory was high resolution panoramic photography taken the previous year by a NASA ER-2 high altitude earth resources reconnaissance aircraft (Nadir scale = ca 1:30000). This type of photography has been used successfully for a number of forest damage assessment applications (Ciesla et al. 1982). Complete coverage of all of the high elevation red spruce forests in the state was available. This photography was used to classify forests with a red spruce component into vegetation and mortality classes (Tables 2 and 3). The small scale of the panoramic aerial photography precluded identification of tree species and counts of dead and declining trees on small photo plots. In addition, exposure variations across each frame caused a dramatic shift in the color of coniferous forests and approximately 7 percent of the area classified as having a spruce component could not be stratified into mortality classes. Individual polygons in each vegetation/mortality class were subsampled with ground plots to estimate levels of decline and mortality. 4.3 Southern Appalachian Mountains The high mountains of southwestern Virginia, western North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee contain six isolated areas of red spruce and Fraser fir. Total area is relatively small, ca 24000 ha, and of limited commercial value; however, these stands occur in such notable landmarks as Mt. Mitchell State Park, site of the highest mountain in the eastern United States, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and along the Blue Ridge Parkway, whick are areas of major recreational importance. Complete 1:12000 scale aerial photo coverage was obtained of these areas during 1984 and 1985. Each area of spruce-fir forest was stratified into three mortality classes (Table 3). These mortality classes differed from the classes used in the other survey areas and reflect the high levels of Fraser fir mortality caused by the introduction of the balsam woolly adelgid into these forests. In addition, a series of 1:4000 scale CIR photos was acquired to help monitor tree damage in selected intensive research sites in these areas. These inventories have provided a large volume of baseline data including statistics on the proportion of spruce-fir forest in each mortality class by state, data on volume, number of trees, and basal area on a unit area basis for each vegetation and mortality class, and data on the relative health of regeneration. Examples of these data are shown in Tables 4, 5, and 6. 5 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS Geographic information systems (GIS) provide a capability for storage, analysis, and display of spatial data. They can be used to integrate many kinds of thematic data and evaluate certain spatial relationships. To help identify the causal agents associated with forest declines and determine the potential role of anthropogenic pollutants in this decline complex, it is desirable to relate the location of areas of decline and mortality to certain topographic features such as slope, aspect and elevation. In addition, different forest management objectives and tactics on various land ownerships might influence the intensity of decline and mortality, as might the presence of pest outbreaks or other disturbances. Spatial data taken from aerial photographs in conjunction with recent inventories of decline and mortality in the spruce-fir forests of the eastern United States includes the location of vegetation types by damage classes. These data are presently being digitized for entry into a GIS. Additional themes, including land ownership, topographic data, and historical data on the location of fire, logging, and pest outbreaks such as that compiled by Pyle, et al. (1985) will also be entered into the data base. Presently, data for the northeastern states is being digitized and entered into a GIS developed and maintained by the University of Maine. Data for West Virginia and the southern Appalachian Mountains Is being stored and analyzed using the Map Overlay Statistical System (MOSS), a public domain GIS developed and maintained by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the U.S. Department of Interior. This GIS has recently been installed on a Forest Service Data General MV-4000 at Doraville, Georgia, for this work. GIS will also provide the capability to compare the present spatial distribution of forest decline and mortality with spatial distributions obtained from future inventories.

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