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International cooperation and technology transfer

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fullscreen: International cooperation and technology transfer

Monograph

Persistent identifier:: 856489328

Author:: Mussio, Luigi

Title:: International cooperation and technology transfer

Sub title:: Parma, Italy, February 15 - 19, 1999, Bandung, Indonesia, April 13 - 14, 1999, Cotonou, Benin, December 6 - 10, 1999 ; proceedings of the workshops

Scope:: XXX, 398 Seiten

Year of publication:: 1999

Place of publication:: London

Publisher of the original:: RICS Books

Identifier (digital):: 856489328

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Monograph

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT: A SURVEY. Luca Mari.

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

International cooperation and technology transfer
Cover
ColorChart
Title page
FOREWORD.
Table of Contents.
Compte-rendu of the WG VI/3. Mariano Cunietti Memorial Meeting in Parma. Mojca Kosmatin Fras, WG VI/3 Co - chairperson.
Compte - Rendu of the ISPRS WG VI/3. High Level Tutorial in Bandung. Fahmi Amhar, Tutorial Chairperson.
Compte-rendu of the Wg VI/3. Luigi Solaini 10th Anniversary. Memorial Meeting in Cotonou. Luigi Mussio, WG VI/3 Chairperson.
Opening.
Closure.
Welcome addresses.
Opening.
Closure.
PADUA, BAHIA BLANCA, PERUGIA, PARMA, BANDUNG AND COTONOU, MEETING - LIST OF PARTICIPANTS.
ISPRS WG VI/3 - LIST OF CORRESPONDENTS.
VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) APPLIED TO ENVIRONMENT REPRESENTATIONS: SOME EXAMPLES AT UNIVERSITY OF PADUA (ITALY). V. Achilli, F. Barison, A. Vettore.
SURVEYING METHODOLOGIES IN THE PHLEGREAN VOLCANIC DISTRICT (NAPLES - ITALY). Achilli V., Borgstrom S., Capone M., Del Gaudio C., De Martino P., Klees R., Ricciardi G. P., Ricco C., Sepe V., Usai S., Vettore A.
Integration of GPS and Conventional Surveying For Positioning of The Mobile Phone Antennae in A Local System. Al-Bayari O., Barbarella M., Fazio C..
The Spacewise Approach to the Data Treatment for the SAGE Mission Project. A. Albertella, F. Migliaccio, F. Sansó.
DATA AND METADATA A NEW CONCEPT IN ARCHIVING ARCHITECTURAL DATA. Elena ALBERY, Fulvio RINAUDO.
NOTES ABOUT TOPOGRAPHIC AND PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYING FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF THE DOME BEARING VERTICAL WALLS IN S. MARIA DEL FIORE CATHEDRAL OF FLORENCE. P. Aminti, I. Chiaverini, D. Ostuni.
NEW SURVEY OF MORIMONDO ABBEY. Bruno Astori, Luca Rinaldi, Grazia Tucci.
SARNO (ITALY) LANDSLIDES: DIFFERENT METHODOLOGIES OF DATA ACQUISITION. M. Barbarella, M. Fiani.
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND LASER RANGE CAMERA FOR PHYSIC MODEL GEOMETRY DETERMINATION. M. Barbarella, A. Vettore.
SAMPLING AND VARIANCE ANALYSIS IN REGGIO CALABRIA. Vincenzo Barrile and Rossella Nocera.
GEOID ESTIMATION THROUGH GPS OBSERVATIONS. R. Barzaghi, A. Borghi.
DATA PROCESSING VERSUS GEOMATICS. T. Bellone, L. Mussio, C. Nardinocchi.
PERTINENCE DE L'OFFRE DE FORMATION DU GDTA A' L'INTERNATIONAL. Jean-Luc BESSIS.
THE ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRICAL EXPERIENCES IN GREECE AND MIDDLE ASIA. Giorgio Bezoari.
PROCEDURES OPTIMISATION IN THE QUALITY SYSTEM. G. Bezoari, F. Guzzetti.
CARTOGRAPHY FOR TOWN PLANNING. Giorgio Bezoari, Attilio Selvini.
INDEXING TREE METHODS AND SPATIAL ORDERING FOR MAPS AND GEOGRAPHIC DATA: AN OVERVIEW AND APPLICATION TO THE GEODETIC GIS PROJECT. L. Biagi, M. A. Brovelli, M. Negretti and C. Saldarini.
GIS/WEB DESIGN FOR INTERNET/INTRANET DATA SHARING. Piero BOCCARDO, Giuliano COMOGLIO, Nadia CORGIAT LOIA.
SURFACE SPATIAL ANALYSIS IN ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY: DIGITAL AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES. Raffaella BOLOGNA, Maurizio MINCHILLI.
VERY LARGE SCALE MAPPING OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN CERVETERI (ITALY): DATA COLLECTION FROM DIGITAL AUTOMATIC D.T.M., ORTHOPROJECTION AND ANALYTICAL STEREOPLOTTING. Raffaella BOLOGNA, Maurizio MINCHILLI.
DES COMPOSANTS LOGICIELS GEOGRAPHIQUES POUR ELARGIR ET DEMOCRATISER L'ACCES A LA TECHNOLOGIE ETA L’INFORMATION GEOGRAPHIQUE. SPATIAL SOFTWARE COMPONENTS FOR WIDENING AND DEMOCRATIZING ACCESS TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY. Patrice BOURSIER, Michel EBOUEYA, Arunas STOCKUS, Alain BOUJU, Frédéric BERTRAND.
VALIDATION OF AN ANCIENT PERSPECTIVE IN LECCO (ITALY). PIETRO BROGLIA, EVA SAVINA MALINVERNI, LUIGI MUSSIO.
THE USE OF SPATIAL-ORIENTED DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (DBMS) FOR ITALGEO GEOID MANAGEMENT BY GIS. M. A. Brovelli, F. Migliaccio and V. Tornatore.
COMPARISON BETWEEN PHOTOGRAMMETRICAL SURVEYS OF THE ST.STEFANO CHURCH'S CLOISTER IN BOLOGNA AND METRICS EVALUATIONS OF THE OPERATIONS OF RESTORATION. A. Capra, S. Gandolfi, G. Lombardi, A. Zanutta.
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS IN DIGITAL IMAGES PLOTTING. M. Caprioli, P. De Fazio.
GVM - GAC PROCESSING CHAIN : A REMOTE SENSING TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS AT CONTINENTAL LEVEL. C. Carmona-Moreno, M. Turchini, M. F. Cruz Martinez, J. Baron, J. Lopez Raya José, A. Moreno Ruiz.
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER GAIA: global astrometry from space at 10 [...] level. D. Cardio, B. Bucciarelli, M. Gai, M. G. Lattanzi and S. Cesare.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A LEVELLING NETWORK FOR THE MONITORING OF POSSIBLE VERTICAL MOVEMENTS IN THE AREA OF PISA - SAN GIULIANO TERME PONTASSERCHIO-MIGLIARINO PISANO (ITALY). G. Caroti, E. Mengali, A. Rossi, C. Scalese.
ESTIMATING MEASUREMENT PRECISION BY MEANS OF MEASUREMENT DIFFERENCES. V. Casella.
AUTOMATIC FOREST AREA RECOGNITION USING GIS IMAGE ANALYSIS CAPABILITY. Marco Ciolli, Paolo Zatelli.
NEW APPROACH TO THE ESTIMATION OF SNOWPACK ESTENSION VIA REMOTE SENSING. Alessandra Colombo, Giovanmaria Leoni.
CULTURAL HERITAGE WEB SITES: THE SUPPORT OF GEOMATICS. Luigi Colombo.
A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING 3D SHAPES MOTION BY A FREQUENCY DOMAIN TECHNIQUE. G. M. Cortelazzo, A. Guamieri, A. Vettore.
LA FORMATION AU C.R.T.O. A. Coulibaly.
A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE VARIANCE-COVARIANCE ESTIMATION OF GPS BASELINE VECTORS. N. Crocetto, M. Gatti, C. Materazzo, L. Toscano.
INTERFEROMETRIC SAR CALIBRATION. M. Crosetto, B. Crippa.
OPTIMISATION DES DATES D'ACQUISITION DES IMAGES TELEDECTION EN ZONE SOUDANO-GUINEENNE POUR UN SUIVI DES ECOSYSTEMES. Cheick Hamala DIAKITE.
FIELD TESTS ON DGPS USING OMNISTAR CORRECTION. D. Dominici, M. L. Pecetti, F. Radicioni, A. Stoppini.
CONTROL DIRECTIONS FOR THE CALIBRATION OF TERRESTRIAL NON-METRIC CAMERAS. Gabriele Fangi.
EXPERIENCES OF VIRTUAL REALITY. G. Fangi, G. Gagliardini.
THE GRID METHOD, A SIMPLE PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE LENSE RADIAL DISTORTION. G. Fangi, Carla Nardinocchi.
DEM'S COMPARISON FOR THE EVALUATION OF LANDSLIDE VOLUME. M. Fiani, S. Troisi.
AUTOMATIC DEM GENERATION IN QUARRIES. Gianfranco FORLANI, Livio PINTO.
STATIC CONTROL OF PALAZZO DELLA RAGIONE IN PADUA. Alberto Giussani, Giorgio Vassena.
Conditions préalables au fonctionnement efficace et durable d'un SIG à base de télédétection. Claus-Peter Gross.
PROCEDURES OF CORRECTION OF THE GEOMETRY DISTORSIONS FOR DIGITAL IMAGES. A. Guarnieri, A. Vettore.
GEOPLANTRANSF: A SOFTWARE FOR THE GEOREFERENCING OF DIGITAL IMAGES BY USING PLANE TRASFORMATIONS. Francesco Guerra, Caterina Balletti, Davide Miniutti.
LA DECADENCE EN PRODUCTION CARTOGRAPHIQUE EN AFRIQUE: CAUSES ET THERAPIES DE REDEMARRAGE. A. L. Gueye, B. F. Agbo, P. M. Kibora.
GEOMATICS EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: THE CURRENT DRIVES. A. L. Gueye, O. Aguda.
DE LA TOPOGRAPHIE CONVENTIONNELLE VERS LA GEOMATIQUE: UNE EVOLUTION TECHNOLOGIQUE DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT TECHNIQUE DANS LE SYSTEME EDUCATIF CAMEROUNAIS. HAPPI MANGOUA FREDERIC.
INTERNET-ATLAS OF NATURAL AND AGRONOMIC RESOURCES IN NIGER AND BENIN - A TOOL FOR PRESENTATION AND EXCHANGE OF SPATIAL DATA - . L. Herrmann, K. Vennemann, K. Stahr.
Mapping from Space. Gottfried Konecny.
CONTEMPORARY METRICAL DOCUMENTATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE ARCHITECTURE. Mojca Kosmatin Fras.
Acquisition of Topographic Data by Laser Scanning and Digital Photogrammetry. Karl Kraus.
The GeoMed Project: GIS and Spatial/Temporal Statistics in Public Health. Andy Long, Mark Wilson, Geoff Jacquez, Leah Estberg.
GPS and GLONASS in Italy. Giorgio Manzoni.
GEOMATICS EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN BOTSWANA. L. Maphale, M. B. Manisa, B. Nkwae, C. Ezigbalike.
THE TWOFOLD NATURE OF MEASUREMENT AS EMPIRICAL AND LINGUISTIC OPERATION. Luca Mari.
UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT: A SURVEY. Luca Mari.
A RECTIFICATION OF DIGITAL IMAGES OBTAINED FROM AN ANALOGICAL VIDEORECORDING. Patrizia Midulla.
GENE FUCTIONAL MAPPING. Luciano Milanesi, Raffaella Rizzi.
THE APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN AFRICA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES. MLENGE FANUEL MGENDI.
GIS: TEACHING EXPERIENCE IN THE COURSE AT DIIAR POLITECNICO OF MILAN. Carlo MONTI, Raffaella BRUMANA, Luigi FREGONESE.
GIS TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT SURVEY DATA AND MANAGEMENT OF DIFFERENT QUARRY TYPOLOGIES. Carlo MONTI, Raffaella BRUMANA, Luigi FREGONESE, Giorgio Vassena.
LA FORMATION ET LA RECHERCHE AU CENTRE NATIONAL DES TECHNIQUES SPATIALES. A. OUSSEDIK, M. A. TRACHE.
GEOID BEHAVIOUR IN THE BAHIA BLANCA AREA. Raúl Perdomo y Daniel Del Cogliano, Nilda Di Croché, Esteban Napal, Beatriz Aldalur, Ana María De Aduriz, Pablo Napal, Nora Plana, Irene Pintos, Miguel Angel Martínez, Santiago Rosso.
GEOID MODELLING IN THE SOUTHERN REGION OF THE BUENOS AIRES PROVINCE. Raúl Perdomo, Daniel Del Cogliano, Nilda Di Croche, Esteban Napal, Beatriz Aldalur, Pablo Napal, Irene Pintos.
SATELLITAL IMAGING, INFORMATION SUPPORT OF A PROVINCIAL CARTOGRAPHIC PROJECT. E. QÜESTA, R. YANICELLI, V. FARES, L. LUNA, E. GOLDAR, D. SANDEZ, C. ISORNI, W. COSTA, E. TONELLI.
FORMATION ET PROJETS EN GEOMATIQUE MIS EN PLACE PAR L'ASSOCIATION POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT DE L'INFORMATION ENVIRONNEMENTALE (ADIE) EN AFRIQUE CENTRALE. Ralph Ridder, Brice Montfraix, Stéphane Lombardo.
CONSTRUCTION OF BASIC DIGITAL MAP FOR CITY GIS BY STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRIC APPROACH. B. Ruzgiene.
SAGE: AN ITALIAN PROJECT OF SATELLITE ACCELEROMETRY. F. Sanso, A. Albertella, G. Bianco, A. Della Torre, M. Fermi, V. lafolla, A. Lenti, F. Migliaccio, A. Milani, A. Rossi.
THE TEACHING OF REMOTE SENSING IN SOUTH AMERICA. Tania Maria Sausen.
CROP GROWTH MODELLING IN MALI BASED ON ERS SCATTEROMETER INFORMATION. Pierre C. Sibiry Traoré, Mamadou D. Doumbia, Salifou Sissoko, Abderamane Yoroté, Wolfgang Wagner, Klaus Scipal, Anne Gobin, Paul Campling, Erik Nobbe, Rob Beck.
TER LOW COST SMALL SATELLITES FOR EARTH OBSERVATION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Martin Sweeting, Wei Sun.
MAPPING OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION BY REMOTE SENSING AT THE ACOCULCO CALDERA, PUEBLA, MEXICO. VICENTE TORRES RODRÍGUEZ & GABRIEL ORIGEL GUTIÉRREZ.
ISSUES AND APPROACHES IN MAPPING THE IMPACTS OF MINING ON THE ENVIRONMENT IN AFRICA (WITH TEST CASE FROM KITWE MINE, ZAMBIA). Tsehaie Woldai, Daniel Limptlaw.
POTENTIAL FOR COMPUTER ASSISTED DISTANCE LEARNING IN ZAMBIA: WHAT ARE THE CONSTRAINTS AND THE WAY FORWARD. Paul Zambezi.
Appendix: Authors and Co-authors Index.
Cover

Full text

314 
being x and s(x) the average and standard deviation of 
the (unknown) assumed probability distribution). 
3. EVALUATION METHODS AND MEANINGS 
The choice to express a non-exact measurement result as 
<x,s(x)> still leaves open the decision about the 
evaluation methods that can be adopted to obtain such a 
result and the meaning to be attributed to it. 
The GUM standpoint in reference to these decisions is 
peculiar. With respect to the evaluation methods, the 
GUM embodies a recommendation issued by the CIPM in 
1981 (CIPM, 1981) and admits both statistical (“type A”) 
and non-statistical (“type B”) methods. The condition to 
make this pluralism operatively acceptable is that the 
suggested techniques to formally deal with the results are 
independent of the “type” of the evaluation method and 
therefore the same in both cases. From the conceptual 
point of view this position is an important step against the 
radical objectivism of some classical interpretations of 
measurement: some subjective information, in the form of 
“degrees of belief (to quote the GUM) is present and 
required even in the case of an “objective” operation as 
measurement (Mari, Zingales, 1999). 
Not so pluralistic is the position of the GUM in reference to 
the meaning of s(x). Its basic interpretation is statistical, in 
terms of the standard deviation of the (possibly unknown) 
distribution of which x is the estimated average. The main 
application suggested by the GUM for this so-called 
“standard uncertainty” is to compute the “law of 
uncertainty propagation” (what is classically called “error 
propagation”) through functional relations. Only for 
specific applications a further interpretation is recognized 
as useful, in which s(x) (and more precisely ks(x), being k 
a proportionality factor usually in the range [1,3]), in this 
case called “expanded uncertainty”, is considered to 
express the half width of the interval of which x is the 
center point. This set-theoretic interpretation is however 
deemed as explicitly dependent of the statistical one and 
formally derived from it. 
4. TWO CATEGORIES OF APPLICATIONS 
The position of the GUM is conservative in this regard. A 
more general standpoint recognizes that the same result 
<x,s(x)> could admit distinct interpretations in distinct 
applications. Given a set {<x,,s(x,)>} of such measurement 
results, two basic categories of applications can be 
identified: 
* “non-exact derived measurement”: a quantity Y is known 
as analytically dependent of the quantities X|,...,X„ 
through a function f, Y=f{Xi X„), and each <x,,s(x,)> is 
the measurement result of a quantity X; the function f 
must be then somehow applied to the terms <x,,s(x,)> to 
compute a measurement result <y,s(y)> for V; 
* “non-exact measurement results comparison”: all the 
<x,,s(x/)> are repeated measurement results of the same 
quantity X, and must be compared to each other via a 
relation r, of which they are arguments, to establish 
whether such a relation holds among them or not. 
Uncertainty propagation is clearly related to the first 
category, a case in which the statistical interpretation is 
plausibly the preferred one. The GUM suggests to 
compute y and s(y) with distinct procedures, only in 
dependence on the terms x, and s(x,) respectively: 
y = f(xi,...x n ) 
s(y) = [Errore.c, 2 s 2 (x,)] 1/2 
df 
being the “sensitivity coefficients” c, =-r— (in the case the 
uXj 
quantities X, are correlated further terms should be 
introduced). 
The most important application in the second category is 
what could be called “non-exact equality”, aimed at 
establishing whether two or more <x,,s(x,)> can be 
considered undistinguishable with each other. The formal 
identity <x,,s(x;)>=<xy,s(x ; )>, i.e. x,=x y and s(x,)=s(xy), is 
clearly a “too exact” criterion in this case, and different, 
more general, principles have been proposed, typically 
based on the set-theoretical interpretation of the terms 
<x/,s(x,)>. For example, if <x;,s(x,)> is assumed as the 
interval [xr-s(x,),x/+s(x/)] then two results could be judged 
“compatible” with each other in the case their intersection 
is non-null (cf. UNI, 1984). 
It is worth to note that the GUM does not even mention 
this second category of applications. For important 
problems such as the definition of the procedures to 
compare national standards and express the results of the 
comparison an agreed position is still an open issue. 
5. (NON-)EXACTNESS AS 
(UN)CERTAINTY AND (NON-)SPECIFICITY 
We suggest that the non-exactness of a measurement 
result is formalized as a combination of two distinct 
components, called “uncertainty” and “non-specificity”. An 
example is helpful to introduce the meaning of such 
concepts and their relations. Let us consider the following 
two statements: 
A = “this is a 120-page book” 
B = “this is a book” 
aimed at expressing the knowledge of an observer on a 
given thing under examination. On the basis of the form of 
A and B two conclusions can be immediately drawn: 
* A entails B: if A is true then also B must be true (in set- 
theoretical terms, A is a subset of B); therefore A is more 
specific than B; 
* regardless of the particular uncertainty assignment 
chosen, A is at most as certain as B, and plausibly more 
uncertain than it 
Hence the same formal expression, <x,s(x)>, admits two 
distinct, and actually opposite, meanings:

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