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International cooperation and technology transfer

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fullscreen: International cooperation and technology transfer

Monograph

Persistent identifier:: 856489328

Author:: Mussio, Luigi

Title:: International cooperation and technology transfer

Sub title:: Parma, Italy, February 15 - 19, 1999, Bandung, Indonesia, April 13 - 14, 1999, Cotonou, Benin, December 6 - 10, 1999 ; proceedings of the workshops

Scope:: XXX, 398 Seiten

Year of publication:: 1999

Place of publication:: London

Publisher of the original:: RICS Books

Identifier (digital):: 856489328

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Monograph

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: GEOID ESTIMATION THROUGH GPS OBSERVATIONS. R. Barzaghi, A. Borghi.

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

International cooperation and technology transfer
Cover
ColorChart
Title page
FOREWORD.
Table of Contents.
Compte-rendu of the WG VI/3. Mariano Cunietti Memorial Meeting in Parma. Mojca Kosmatin Fras, WG VI/3 Co - chairperson.
Compte - Rendu of the ISPRS WG VI/3. High Level Tutorial in Bandung. Fahmi Amhar, Tutorial Chairperson.
Compte-rendu of the Wg VI/3. Luigi Solaini 10th Anniversary. Memorial Meeting in Cotonou. Luigi Mussio, WG VI/3 Chairperson.
Opening.
Closure.
Welcome addresses.
Opening.
Closure.
PADUA, BAHIA BLANCA, PERUGIA, PARMA, BANDUNG AND COTONOU, MEETING - LIST OF PARTICIPANTS.
ISPRS WG VI/3 - LIST OF CORRESPONDENTS.
VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) APPLIED TO ENVIRONMENT REPRESENTATIONS: SOME EXAMPLES AT UNIVERSITY OF PADUA (ITALY). V. Achilli, F. Barison, A. Vettore.
SURVEYING METHODOLOGIES IN THE PHLEGREAN VOLCANIC DISTRICT (NAPLES - ITALY). Achilli V., Borgstrom S., Capone M., Del Gaudio C., De Martino P., Klees R., Ricciardi G. P., Ricco C., Sepe V., Usai S., Vettore A.
Integration of GPS and Conventional Surveying For Positioning of The Mobile Phone Antennae in A Local System. Al-Bayari O., Barbarella M., Fazio C..
The Spacewise Approach to the Data Treatment for the SAGE Mission Project. A. Albertella, F. Migliaccio, F. Sansó.
DATA AND METADATA A NEW CONCEPT IN ARCHIVING ARCHITECTURAL DATA. Elena ALBERY, Fulvio RINAUDO.
NOTES ABOUT TOPOGRAPHIC AND PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYING FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF THE DOME BEARING VERTICAL WALLS IN S. MARIA DEL FIORE CATHEDRAL OF FLORENCE. P. Aminti, I. Chiaverini, D. Ostuni.
NEW SURVEY OF MORIMONDO ABBEY. Bruno Astori, Luca Rinaldi, Grazia Tucci.
SARNO (ITALY) LANDSLIDES: DIFFERENT METHODOLOGIES OF DATA ACQUISITION. M. Barbarella, M. Fiani.
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND LASER RANGE CAMERA FOR PHYSIC MODEL GEOMETRY DETERMINATION. M. Barbarella, A. Vettore.
SAMPLING AND VARIANCE ANALYSIS IN REGGIO CALABRIA. Vincenzo Barrile and Rossella Nocera.
GEOID ESTIMATION THROUGH GPS OBSERVATIONS. R. Barzaghi, A. Borghi.
DATA PROCESSING VERSUS GEOMATICS. T. Bellone, L. Mussio, C. Nardinocchi.
PERTINENCE DE L'OFFRE DE FORMATION DU GDTA A' L'INTERNATIONAL. Jean-Luc BESSIS.
THE ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRICAL EXPERIENCES IN GREECE AND MIDDLE ASIA. Giorgio Bezoari.
PROCEDURES OPTIMISATION IN THE QUALITY SYSTEM. G. Bezoari, F. Guzzetti.
CARTOGRAPHY FOR TOWN PLANNING. Giorgio Bezoari, Attilio Selvini.
INDEXING TREE METHODS AND SPATIAL ORDERING FOR MAPS AND GEOGRAPHIC DATA: AN OVERVIEW AND APPLICATION TO THE GEODETIC GIS PROJECT. L. Biagi, M. A. Brovelli, M. Negretti and C. Saldarini.
GIS/WEB DESIGN FOR INTERNET/INTRANET DATA SHARING. Piero BOCCARDO, Giuliano COMOGLIO, Nadia CORGIAT LOIA.
SURFACE SPATIAL ANALYSIS IN ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY: DIGITAL AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES. Raffaella BOLOGNA, Maurizio MINCHILLI.
VERY LARGE SCALE MAPPING OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN CERVETERI (ITALY): DATA COLLECTION FROM DIGITAL AUTOMATIC D.T.M., ORTHOPROJECTION AND ANALYTICAL STEREOPLOTTING. Raffaella BOLOGNA, Maurizio MINCHILLI.
DES COMPOSANTS LOGICIELS GEOGRAPHIQUES POUR ELARGIR ET DEMOCRATISER L'ACCES A LA TECHNOLOGIE ETA L’INFORMATION GEOGRAPHIQUE. SPATIAL SOFTWARE COMPONENTS FOR WIDENING AND DEMOCRATIZING ACCESS TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY. Patrice BOURSIER, Michel EBOUEYA, Arunas STOCKUS, Alain BOUJU, Frédéric BERTRAND.
VALIDATION OF AN ANCIENT PERSPECTIVE IN LECCO (ITALY). PIETRO BROGLIA, EVA SAVINA MALINVERNI, LUIGI MUSSIO.
THE USE OF SPATIAL-ORIENTED DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (DBMS) FOR ITALGEO GEOID MANAGEMENT BY GIS. M. A. Brovelli, F. Migliaccio and V. Tornatore.
COMPARISON BETWEEN PHOTOGRAMMETRICAL SURVEYS OF THE ST.STEFANO CHURCH'S CLOISTER IN BOLOGNA AND METRICS EVALUATIONS OF THE OPERATIONS OF RESTORATION. A. Capra, S. Gandolfi, G. Lombardi, A. Zanutta.
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS IN DIGITAL IMAGES PLOTTING. M. Caprioli, P. De Fazio.
GVM - GAC PROCESSING CHAIN : A REMOTE SENSING TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS AT CONTINENTAL LEVEL. C. Carmona-Moreno, M. Turchini, M. F. Cruz Martinez, J. Baron, J. Lopez Raya José, A. Moreno Ruiz.
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER GAIA: global astrometry from space at 10 [...] level. D. Cardio, B. Bucciarelli, M. Gai, M. G. Lattanzi and S. Cesare.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A LEVELLING NETWORK FOR THE MONITORING OF POSSIBLE VERTICAL MOVEMENTS IN THE AREA OF PISA - SAN GIULIANO TERME PONTASSERCHIO-MIGLIARINO PISANO (ITALY). G. Caroti, E. Mengali, A. Rossi, C. Scalese.
ESTIMATING MEASUREMENT PRECISION BY MEANS OF MEASUREMENT DIFFERENCES. V. Casella.
AUTOMATIC FOREST AREA RECOGNITION USING GIS IMAGE ANALYSIS CAPABILITY. Marco Ciolli, Paolo Zatelli.
NEW APPROACH TO THE ESTIMATION OF SNOWPACK ESTENSION VIA REMOTE SENSING. Alessandra Colombo, Giovanmaria Leoni.
CULTURAL HERITAGE WEB SITES: THE SUPPORT OF GEOMATICS. Luigi Colombo.
A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING 3D SHAPES MOTION BY A FREQUENCY DOMAIN TECHNIQUE. G. M. Cortelazzo, A. Guamieri, A. Vettore.
LA FORMATION AU C.R.T.O. A. Coulibaly.
A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE VARIANCE-COVARIANCE ESTIMATION OF GPS BASELINE VECTORS. N. Crocetto, M. Gatti, C. Materazzo, L. Toscano.
INTERFEROMETRIC SAR CALIBRATION. M. Crosetto, B. Crippa.
OPTIMISATION DES DATES D'ACQUISITION DES IMAGES TELEDECTION EN ZONE SOUDANO-GUINEENNE POUR UN SUIVI DES ECOSYSTEMES. Cheick Hamala DIAKITE.
FIELD TESTS ON DGPS USING OMNISTAR CORRECTION. D. Dominici, M. L. Pecetti, F. Radicioni, A. Stoppini.
CONTROL DIRECTIONS FOR THE CALIBRATION OF TERRESTRIAL NON-METRIC CAMERAS. Gabriele Fangi.
EXPERIENCES OF VIRTUAL REALITY. G. Fangi, G. Gagliardini.
THE GRID METHOD, A SIMPLE PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE LENSE RADIAL DISTORTION. G. Fangi, Carla Nardinocchi.
DEM'S COMPARISON FOR THE EVALUATION OF LANDSLIDE VOLUME. M. Fiani, S. Troisi.
AUTOMATIC DEM GENERATION IN QUARRIES. Gianfranco FORLANI, Livio PINTO.
STATIC CONTROL OF PALAZZO DELLA RAGIONE IN PADUA. Alberto Giussani, Giorgio Vassena.
Conditions préalables au fonctionnement efficace et durable d'un SIG à base de télédétection. Claus-Peter Gross.
PROCEDURES OF CORRECTION OF THE GEOMETRY DISTORSIONS FOR DIGITAL IMAGES. A. Guarnieri, A. Vettore.
GEOPLANTRANSF: A SOFTWARE FOR THE GEOREFERENCING OF DIGITAL IMAGES BY USING PLANE TRASFORMATIONS. Francesco Guerra, Caterina Balletti, Davide Miniutti.
LA DECADENCE EN PRODUCTION CARTOGRAPHIQUE EN AFRIQUE: CAUSES ET THERAPIES DE REDEMARRAGE. A. L. Gueye, B. F. Agbo, P. M. Kibora.
GEOMATICS EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: THE CURRENT DRIVES. A. L. Gueye, O. Aguda.
DE LA TOPOGRAPHIE CONVENTIONNELLE VERS LA GEOMATIQUE: UNE EVOLUTION TECHNOLOGIQUE DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT TECHNIQUE DANS LE SYSTEME EDUCATIF CAMEROUNAIS. HAPPI MANGOUA FREDERIC.
INTERNET-ATLAS OF NATURAL AND AGRONOMIC RESOURCES IN NIGER AND BENIN - A TOOL FOR PRESENTATION AND EXCHANGE OF SPATIAL DATA - . L. Herrmann, K. Vennemann, K. Stahr.
Mapping from Space. Gottfried Konecny.
CONTEMPORARY METRICAL DOCUMENTATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE ARCHITECTURE. Mojca Kosmatin Fras.
Acquisition of Topographic Data by Laser Scanning and Digital Photogrammetry. Karl Kraus.
The GeoMed Project: GIS and Spatial/Temporal Statistics in Public Health. Andy Long, Mark Wilson, Geoff Jacquez, Leah Estberg.
GPS and GLONASS in Italy. Giorgio Manzoni.
GEOMATICS EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN BOTSWANA. L. Maphale, M. B. Manisa, B. Nkwae, C. Ezigbalike.
THE TWOFOLD NATURE OF MEASUREMENT AS EMPIRICAL AND LINGUISTIC OPERATION. Luca Mari.
UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT: A SURVEY. Luca Mari.
A RECTIFICATION OF DIGITAL IMAGES OBTAINED FROM AN ANALOGICAL VIDEORECORDING. Patrizia Midulla.
GENE FUCTIONAL MAPPING. Luciano Milanesi, Raffaella Rizzi.
THE APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN AFRICA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES. MLENGE FANUEL MGENDI.
GIS: TEACHING EXPERIENCE IN THE COURSE AT DIIAR POLITECNICO OF MILAN. Carlo MONTI, Raffaella BRUMANA, Luigi FREGONESE.
GIS TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT SURVEY DATA AND MANAGEMENT OF DIFFERENT QUARRY TYPOLOGIES. Carlo MONTI, Raffaella BRUMANA, Luigi FREGONESE, Giorgio Vassena.
LA FORMATION ET LA RECHERCHE AU CENTRE NATIONAL DES TECHNIQUES SPATIALES. A. OUSSEDIK, M. A. TRACHE.
GEOID BEHAVIOUR IN THE BAHIA BLANCA AREA. Raúl Perdomo y Daniel Del Cogliano, Nilda Di Croché, Esteban Napal, Beatriz Aldalur, Ana María De Aduriz, Pablo Napal, Nora Plana, Irene Pintos, Miguel Angel Martínez, Santiago Rosso.
GEOID MODELLING IN THE SOUTHERN REGION OF THE BUENOS AIRES PROVINCE. Raúl Perdomo, Daniel Del Cogliano, Nilda Di Croche, Esteban Napal, Beatriz Aldalur, Pablo Napal, Irene Pintos.
SATELLITAL IMAGING, INFORMATION SUPPORT OF A PROVINCIAL CARTOGRAPHIC PROJECT. E. QÜESTA, R. YANICELLI, V. FARES, L. LUNA, E. GOLDAR, D. SANDEZ, C. ISORNI, W. COSTA, E. TONELLI.
FORMATION ET PROJETS EN GEOMATIQUE MIS EN PLACE PAR L'ASSOCIATION POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT DE L'INFORMATION ENVIRONNEMENTALE (ADIE) EN AFRIQUE CENTRALE. Ralph Ridder, Brice Montfraix, Stéphane Lombardo.
CONSTRUCTION OF BASIC DIGITAL MAP FOR CITY GIS BY STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRIC APPROACH. B. Ruzgiene.
SAGE: AN ITALIAN PROJECT OF SATELLITE ACCELEROMETRY. F. Sanso, A. Albertella, G. Bianco, A. Della Torre, M. Fermi, V. lafolla, A. Lenti, F. Migliaccio, A. Milani, A. Rossi.
THE TEACHING OF REMOTE SENSING IN SOUTH AMERICA. Tania Maria Sausen.
CROP GROWTH MODELLING IN MALI BASED ON ERS SCATTEROMETER INFORMATION. Pierre C. Sibiry Traoré, Mamadou D. Doumbia, Salifou Sissoko, Abderamane Yoroté, Wolfgang Wagner, Klaus Scipal, Anne Gobin, Paul Campling, Erik Nobbe, Rob Beck.
TER LOW COST SMALL SATELLITES FOR EARTH OBSERVATION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Martin Sweeting, Wei Sun.
MAPPING OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION BY REMOTE SENSING AT THE ACOCULCO CALDERA, PUEBLA, MEXICO. VICENTE TORRES RODRÍGUEZ & GABRIEL ORIGEL GUTIÉRREZ.
ISSUES AND APPROACHES IN MAPPING THE IMPACTS OF MINING ON THE ENVIRONMENT IN AFRICA (WITH TEST CASE FROM KITWE MINE, ZAMBIA). Tsehaie Woldai, Daniel Limptlaw.
POTENTIAL FOR COMPUTER ASSISTED DISTANCE LEARNING IN ZAMBIA: WHAT ARE THE CONSTRAINTS AND THE WAY FORWARD. Paul Zambezi.
Appendix: Authors and Co-authors Index.
Cover

Full text

62 
for local applications by using GPS and spirit 
leveling, is to get its estimate in one point only, 
which is usually selected in a baricentric position, 
and to assume that the geoid is equal to this value 
in the whole area. This assumption is usually 
considered true when dealing with small areas (e.g. 
less than five km side) but may be completely wrong 
even in flat areas. Even if no relevant topography is 
present, geoid undulations can vary due to crustal 
density anomalies. 
Hence, by assuming a “flat” geoid on an area, 
biased estimates can be obtained. So, it must be 
stated that this kind of procedure, althogh extremely 
fast, should be in any case avoided. 
1.2 The geoid frequency components and the 
interpolation procedure 
A more refined procedure to get reliable geoid 
estimates from interpolation is based both on the 
choice of an efficient interpolator and on a frequency 
component analysis of the geoidal signal. 
Usually, in estimating the gravimetric geoid, the so 
called “remove-restore” techniques is used. This is 
basically a frequency decomposition of the 
gravimetric and geoidal signals. First of all, a low 
frequency component of gravity is removed from 
data; this model gravity is commonly derived from 
global geopotential model such as EGM96( F.G. 
Lemoine et al., 1998). Then a Residual Terrain 
Correction (RTC) (R. Forsberg, 1984) is applied to 
remove the high frequency component related to the 
high frequency behaviour of the topography. The 
residual gravity values are then used to get the 
residual geoid by means of e.g. Stokes formula. 
Finally, the total geoidal signal is recovered by 
adding to the residual geoid the RTC geoidal 
component (high frequency part of N) and the global 
geopotential model implied undulation (low 
frequency component of N). The key point of this 
methodology is this fequency component 
decomposition which allows the application of 
Stokes formula to a medium frequency signal, the 
residual gravity. In this way, the irregular high 
frequency component of gravity is filtered out when 
removing the RTC effect and the low frequency part 
is subtracted with the global geopotential model, 
thus reducing the outer zone effect on the local 
estimate. 
As said before, this is done in connection to the 
gravimetric estimate of the geoid but it can be used 
as well in interpolating pointwise N values coming 
from GPS/leveling. 
Any interpolator performs in a more afficient way if 
the input signal is regular. By removing the high 
frequency component of N related to the high 
frequency part of the topography, a smoother N 
signal is considered. 
Furthermore, if the low fequency component is also 
removed by using a suitable geopotential model, the 
outer zone effect is considered and a more reliable 
estimate is obtained. Hence, if it can be assumed 
that the geoid undulation is decomposed into three 
components 
N T =N M +N rtc +N r ( 3 ) 
N M = geopotential model geoid, 
N rtc = high frequency geoid component 
N r = residual geoid signal 
a possible procedure to get accurate estimates of N 
could be the following: 
i) computing pointwise undulation values at double 
points, where GPS/leveling observations are 
available 
N T (P i ) = h(P i )-H(P i ) (4) 
ii) computing residual geoid values 
N r (Pj) = N T (Pj) - N M (Pj) - N rtc (Pj) (5) 
iii) computing a suitable linear interpolation of these 
residuals 
Nr(Pk) = Ia ki N r (Pi) (6) 
iv) restoring the model and the RTC geoid effects to 
the interpolated values 
N T (Pk) = N r (P k ) + N M (P k ) + N rtc (P k ) (7) 
Hence, interpolation is performed on the residual 
geoid N r only and low frequency and high frequency 
component are separately modelled, removed and 
then restored. 
In this way better results are expected and the 
simulations that follow will prove this. 
Furthermore, in this way, also possible biases 
connected to the position of the points where we 
have the i) values are avoided. 
Usually, leveling benchmarks are along roads; this 
implies that undulations computed in i) are mainly 
sampled along valleys, at least in rough topography 
areas. 
Now, as an example, suppose that GPS/leveling 
values are taken on both side of a mountain and 
that on these two sides the computed undulations 
are equal 
geoid vali 
this is wr 
mountain 
introducin' 
correctly 
quantify tf 
an impro; 
simple exi 
Two paral 
geoidal 0 
values are 
B (see Fig 
F 
By assum 
the close' 
parallelepij 
value of 1 
componen- 
the same \ 
while the c 
So, a bias 
topography 
mountain. 
Thus, this 
unhomoge 
estimations 
interpolatoi 
In the follo\ 
define the 
interpolatio 
GPS/levelli 
2. 
2.1 The ge 
Simulated 
computed a

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