International cooperation and technology transfer

Fras, Mojca Kosmatin

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Persistent identifier:: 856490555

Author:: Fras, Mojca Kosmatin

Title:: International cooperation and technology transfer

Sub title:: Ljubljana, Slovenia, February 2 - 5, 2000 : proceedings of the workshop

Scope:: VI, 163 Seiten

Year of publication:: 2000

Place of publication:: London

Publisher of the original:: RICS Books

Identifier (digital):: 856490555

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Monograph

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: NEW MAP GRAPHICS. Stanislav Franges

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

NEW MAP GRAPHICS Stanislav Franges University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy Kaciceva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia sfranges@public.srce.hr KEYWORDS: map graphics, demands posed upon map graphics, current influences on map graphics ABSTRACT: The map graphics has been appropriate for classical photomechanical procedures, but today, when we deal with digital procedures, it should be changed. It has been pointed out thereby that within the frame of the spirit of time, the map graphics has been affected especially by various periods in art accompanied by the technology development. Referring to the hardware, the influence of resolution is pointed out, and in connection with software the importance of tools necessary for achieving adequate map graphics in digital cartography. Furthermore, the map graphics is especially affected by geoinformation systems, and with respect to the spatial image, regardless of whether the map is in digital or analogue format, the cartographic visualisation of space is imposed as the most important. In connection with the current changes in map graphics, it is emphasised that the application of computers in cartography and the development of analytical cartography have lead to the real and virtual maps, and after the cartographic presentations on the screen, some more non-analogue cartographies products appeared, the most frequent being data sets, electronic atlases, animated and multimedia presentations. 1. INTRODUCTION Larger changes in the design of map graphics start mostly with the production of new map products, however, the changes are more or less limited by the tradition, the need for harmonisation of symbols on map products in a single state and by the need for standardisation within the international frame. The map graphics has proved itself as very successfully by being easily understood and remembered, as well as by its further usage in map products which is to follow in the future leading to the so much necessary standardisation of map graphics on official maps. I would like to quote K.-H. Meine (1975): “Map graphics is a mutual game of elements on a map”, and E. Imhof (1985): “ Good map graphics is the essence of each good map”. 2. MAP GRAPHICS AND ITS INGREDIENT PARTS Map graphics is a special way of presenting spatial objects. It is a system of symbols consisting of map symbols and of mutual relationship of symbols (syntactic dimension), the relationship of symbols according to the presented objects (semantic dimension) and the relationship of a user according to the symbols (pragmatic dimension). Today the map graphics can be realised with the help of computers in at least equal or even higher quality than the one made with manual or photomechanical procedures. The usage of modern hardware and software yields a series of new possibilities. The map graphics contains (Fig. 1) basic geometric and graphic elements: points, lines and areas, and the map signs that we call symbols when they are applied for the presentation of object position and quality. When map signs are applied for the presentation of numerous values of an object we call them diagrams. The map graphics includes furthermore: rasters with half-tone being their special case that can be used for clear presentation of relief features, then as an independent element it must include colour and obligatory lettering for the description and titles of objects on a map. Fig. 1. Ingredient parts of map graphics 3. DEMANDS POSED UPON MAP GRAPHICS Before the consideration and making of demands has commenced, one should reflect upon our experience of a map or upon what is necessary to experience a map. This question touches the essence of cartographic communication itself. According to Uçar (1979), map is a visually very clear and to a certain extent intuitive model of space. Cartographic communication is graphical and visual communication. Flence, the sight is one of the most important bonds that connect us with the environment, it is man’s bond with the world. In map usage, the sight and its possibilities or limitations set certain conditions, regardless whether the maps are in analogous or digital form. These conditions will be the most important in the case of making demands in map graphics. The formation of map graphics can also be, according to Bos (1984), influenced by special circumstances in which a map will be used. These are: the distance from which

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