Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

damen, m. c. j.

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Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856641294

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: IX Seiten, Seiten 551-956

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A,. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856641294

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,2)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Editor:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission of Photographic and Remote Sensing Data

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: 6 Hydrology: Surface water, oceanography, coastal zone, ice and snow. Chairman: K. A. Ulbricht, Co-chairman: Mikio Takagi, Liaison: R. Spanhoff

Write comment:: Wegen zu enger Bindung kommt es teilweise im Original zu Textverlust.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: The delineation and classification of inland wetlands utilizing fcir stereo imagery. Stephen A. Estrin

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Symposium on Remote Sensing for Resources Development and Environmental Management / Enschede / August 1986 713 The delineation and classification of inland wetlands utilizing fcir stereo imagery Stephen A.Estrin Mahopac, New York, USA ABSTRACT: The fastest and one of the most accurate methods of classifying and delineating inland wetlands and their adjacent upland is through the interpretation of medium-to-large- scale (1:12,000 and larger) fcir stereo imagery. This is accomplished by manual photo inter pretation of those readily recognizable properties of inland wetlands and uplands; vegetation types, presence of standing water, soil water content and topography-elevation and slope. Ve getation is one of the best indicators of water guantity, quality and permanence. Specific ally, in wetlands, vegetation is one of the principal factors causing differences in spectral reflectance; therefore, noticeable differences in vegetation, vis-a-vis their spectral ref lectance, depicted on fcir imagery are directly related to the presence of water, both stand ing and soil water content. Consequently, the delineation of the boundary between a wetland and its adjacent uplands can clearly be ascertained based upon these differences in spectral reflectance. Classification and delineation of the wetland-upland complex was found most ac curately determined in the northeastern and central United States from spring fcir stereo im agery flown at an altitude of 6,000 feet AMT (1:12,000). In comparison, the modern methods of field ecology survey were found to be too time consuming, difficult and costly. In parti cularly fragile ecosystems, comprehensive biological field studies tended to cause consider able physical environmental damage, while the necessary ground truth program covering only a small portion of the area had no adverse impact. Naturally, the subsequent imagery analysis causes no adverse environmental impact. 1 INTRODUCTION Wetlands are an important element of the nat ural environment and the increased public concern with environmental issues has lead to the enactment of federal, state and local legislation protecting inland wetlands. Due to the inadequacy and inaccuracies of the majority of existing maps and wetland inventories as well as their heterogenity, areal extent, time and money constraints, many governmental agencies at the federal and state levels have utilized remote sens ing as the primary method of delineating and classifying wetlands. Remote sensing affords both a practical and economic means for their accurate delineation and classification. It differs from conventional wetland data col lection in that the recording methodology is not in direct contact with the ground. It is airborne. In the majority of instances, the choice of a remote sensing technique is a function of a series of interrelated fac tors; size of the project area, accessibil ity, time of year, cost, data to be obtain ed, accuracy, and level of detail required. In 1977, one of the most extensive studies of inland wetlands was undertaken by Carter, Garrett, Shima & Gannon of the U.S.G.S., The Great Dismal Swamp located in Virginia and North Carolina. These scientists/photogram- metrists believed that the use of conven tional wetland data collection methods would be too expensive, time consuming, and too difficult to interpret for such a large, di verse and inaccessible area. They, there fore, decided on the use of seasonal low- and high-altitude color infrared photography utilizing manual interpretation techniques. The wetland maps were prepared at a scale of 1:24,000. These analysts found that imagery obtained in the spring, during dormancy, allowed the identification of wetland boundaries, areas covered by water, the drainage pattern, the location of coniferous vegetation and its classification, and the classification of the understory vegetation. Photographs ob tained during the summer were used to clas sify deciduous vegetation. 1.1 A real example - Longridge Corporate Park, New York In the case of the Longridge Corporate Park, the determination of type of remote sensing was never a factor because the site had been disturbed to such an extent from October, 1982, that only a vague and inaccurate re construction of previous conditions would be possible. Therefore, historical remote sens ing data, predating October, 1982, was the only practical and accurate means available for the delineation and classification of the wetland. In March, 1973, and again in April, 1974, Stephen A. Estrin, Inc., as part of its con tract with the County of Putnam for the de sign of a Comprehensive Land Development Plan and Sewer Study for the Town of South east, had its Division of Photogrammetry contract with Grumman Ecosystems for an aer ial photomapping mission, to its specifica tions, which produced stereo color carto graphic mapping photography and false color infrared imagery at the scales of 1"=2000' and 1"=1000'. It is the April 20, 1974 fcir, 1"-1000', imagery that forms the basis of the delin eation and classification of the Longridge Corporate Park Wetland. The interpretation of this imagery was by manual means utiliz ing imagery interpretation and transfer e- quipment, ground truth and a wetland image analysis key developed by Stephen A. Estrin, Inc. in 1972, updated in 1976. In addition,

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