Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

damen, m. c. j.

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Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856641294

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: IX Seiten, Seiten 551-956

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A,. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856641294

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,2)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Editor:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission of Photographic and Remote Sensing Data

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: 6 Hydrology: Surface water, oceanography, coastal zone, ice and snow. Chairman: K. A. Ulbricht, Co-chairman: Mikio Takagi, Liaison: R. Spanhoff

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Document type:: Multivolume work

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Chapter

Title:: Sea surface temperature studies in Norwegian coastal areas using AVHRR- and TM thermal infrared data. J. P. Pedersen

Document type:: Multivolume work

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749 Symposium on Remote Sensing for Resources Development and Environmental Management / Enschede / August 1986 Sea surface temperature studies in Norwegian coastal areas using AVHRR- and TM thermal infrared data J.P. Pedersen University of Tromse, Norway ABSTRACT: This work presents an algorithm for deriving sea surface temperatures from infrared satellite data. The algorithm is based upon physical solution of the equation of radiative transfer. The theory for calcu lating the atmospheric transmittance and -radiance is briefly discussed. Calculated transmittances are com pared to values reported by others. Results from applications of the algorithm on NOAA/AVHRR-data are pre sented. At last, sea surface temperature data derived from the Landsat/Thematic Mapper are presented. Due to lack of TM calibration data, the temperatures are derived from comparisons of digital values and in-situ measured temperatures at knownlocations in the data set. 1 INTRODUCTION The thermal infrared data from the NOAA-series of satellites have been applied by different Norwegian institutes for studying sea surface temperatures and currents for many years. In recent years there has been a growing interest in the development of the natural coastal-zone resources in Norway. Today a lot of sea-farms are in operation all over the country, and a lot more are planned for the future. In selec ting the most suitable location for a sea farm, it is often necessary to know about the annual variations of the currents and the temperatures in the actual area. One way of collecting this information is by using infrared data from satellites. The NOAA-series of polar orbiter, sunsynchronous satellites, from which data are read out at Troms0 Telemetry Station, offers the opportunity to study surface phenomena in the Arctic regions with a high frequency of repetivity. The thermal infrared data from the NOAA-satellites are frequently used by dif ferent Norwegian institutes for studying currents and the sea surface temperatures (SST). The spatial resolution of the NOAA/AVHRR-dta of 1 km limits the applications to open ocean areas. However, the new generation of satellites, represen ted by the Landsat/TM offers the opportunity to study surface phenomena at an increased spatial resolution. In studying currents and SST's, the 120 meter reso lution of the thermal TM-channel is more adapable for coastal-zone applications, as compared to the NOAA/ AVHRR. 2 SATELLITE INSTRUMENTATION The primary surface observing sensor onboard the NOAA series of satellites is the AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer). The AVHRR is a five channel radiometer observing at visible, near-infrared and thermal infrared wavelengths. The observing channels are 0.58-0.68 urn, 0.7-1.1 urn, 3.55-3.93 um, 10.3- 11.3 um, and 11.5-12.5 um. The AVHRR scans the earth surface within +/- 55.4 degrees from nadir, represen ting a surface swath width of approximately 2500 km. The spatial resolution of the AVHRR channels is lxl km (at nadir). The satellite altitude is approximate ly 830 km, the orbital period approximately 102 minu tes, which represents 14.1 orbits pr. day (Schwalb, 1978). Technical data for the NOAA-satellites are listed in table 1. The TM onboard the Landsat satellites represents the next generation of earth observing sensors. TM is a seven channel radiometer observing at visible, near- infrared, and thermal infrared. The observing wave lengths are 0.45-0.52 um, 0.53-0.60 um, 0.63-0.69 um, 0.76-0.90 um, 1.55-1.75 um, 2.08-2.35 um, and 10.4- 12.5 um. The TM scan angle is +/- 7.7 deg.,represen ting a swath width of 185 km at earth surface. The spatial resolution is 30x30 meter, except for the thermal channel which has a resolution of 120x120 meter. Satellite altitude is app. 705 km, the orbi tal period 99 minutes. The TM repeat cycle is 16 days. As for the NOAA satellite, the Landsat is a punsyn- chronous, polar orbiter (NASA, 1984). Technical data for TM are listed in table 1. For the purpose of this application, the thermal channel of theAVHRR and the TM have to be considered. The AVHRR channel 4 (eventually channel 5) and the TM channel 6 cover the same part of the electromagnetic spectrum, although the spectral width of the TM chan nel is twice the width of the AVHRR channel. Dtle to the spectral coincidence of the TM and the AVHRR channels, they are applicable for comparable studies of SST's. The predicted absolute accuracies are 0.5 K and < 0.12 K for TM and AVHRR respectively. The most significant difference between the two channels is thespatial resolution, 120 meter for TM compared to 1 km for AVHRR. The spatial resolution limits the AVHRR applications primarily to medium scale phenomena studies in open oceans. For studies of small scale phenomena often observed in the coastal- zone areas and in the fjords, the TM thermal channel is the most suitable one. Table 1. Technical data of NOAA/AVHRR and Landsat/TM. AVHRR TM Spectral chi 0.58-0.68 chi 0.45-0.52 bands (um) ch2 0.7 - 1.1 ch3 3.55-3.93 ch4 10.3-11.3 ch5 11.5-12.5 ch2 0.53-0.60 ch3 0.63-0.69 ch4 0.76-0.90 ch5 1.55-1.75 ch7 2.08-2.35 ch6 10.4-12.5 Spatial app. 1 x 1 km 30 x 30 m resolution (at nadir) ch6 120 x 120 m Swath width +/- 55.4 deg. app. 2500 km +/- 7.7 deg. 185 km Orbit sunsynchronous , polar Data availab. From Troms0 Telemetry Station From Earthnet/ Kiruna

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