Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

damen, m. c. j.

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Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856641294

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: IX Seiten, Seiten 551-956

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A,. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856641294

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,2)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Editor:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission of Photographic and Remote Sensing Data

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: 6 Hydrology: Surface water, oceanography, coastal zone, ice and snow. Chairman: K. A. Ulbricht, Co-chairman: Mikio Takagi, Liaison: R. Spanhoff

Write comment:: Wegen zu enger Bindung kommt es teilweise im Original zu Textverlust.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: Satellite data in aquatic area research: Some ideas for future studies. Jouko T. Raitala

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Symposium on Remote Sensing for Resources Development and Environmental Management / Enschede / August 1986 755 Satellite data in aquatic area research: Some ideas for future studies Jouko T.Raitala Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, Calif., USA (on leave from Dept, of Astronomy, University of Oulu, Finland) ABSTRACT: Computer-aided digital remote sensing techniques were used to evaluate the usefulness of Landsat MSS data in aquatic area studies. These investigations unravelled some of the Landsat data potentials in monitoring factors critical to limnology, aquatic botany, geomorphology and engineering: 1) Besides depth (in relatively shallow Finnish lakes) the MSS data may also include useful information about Secchi disc values, humus content in water (colour, iron) and productivity (nutrients, chlorophyll). 2) Aquatic vegetation classification is possible only where vegetation units are big enough in respect to the 0.5 hectares ground resolution. Different life-forms (helophytes, nympheids, elodeids, bryophytes etc.) are mapped quite easily, but when using the super vised classification procedure even some minor nuances can be traced. 3) Multitemporal satellite imagery has been used to evaluate alterations within the littoral areas of some Finnish water reservoirs between successive periods of high water and also along the shallow coastal sea of the Gulf of Bothnia. The limitations of the MSS data in exact small-scale interpretations are, however, so apparent that the most critical support of relevant water chemical and field data must not be underestimated. The use of MSS data with poor ground resolution and with too broad and too few spectral channels represents only a small range of the possibilities which will be gained by using the more advanced TM and SPOT data. The MSS data may nevertheless be important when trying to trace the changes in aquatic and other environments during the last decade. 1. INTRODUCTION Different lakes and coastal sea areas are amongst the few most essential environments in Finland forming a natural surrounding for almost all activi ties of men. This means that aquatic areas are the object of various and often conflicting efforts of utilization. Research, investigation and planning of water areas for recreational and residential use and as a source of livelihood and raw water or as a dumping place for waste water all require accurate information, some of which can in principle be obtained and prepared by using Landsat or other satellite data and the computer-aided analysis of such data. The Landsat MSS data includes information of aquatic areas down to the Secchi disc depth. The green and yellow wavelengths of channel 4 indicate variations within a few uppermost metres in brownish Finnish lakes and water features even down to tens of metres within certain open ocean areas. The red radiation of channel 5 usually comes from within the uppermost one metre water layer, and the near-in frared channels 6 and 7 include information from within the uppermost centimetres or millimetres, re spectively. In addition the uppermost part of the water column is best represented within all recorded channels. The present study describes some attempts to apply aquatic remote sensing to the preparation of parametric map-like presentations, quantitative evaluations and time-related investigations within various water areas in Finland. 2. WATER QUALITY Laborious and expensive efforts are called for when attempts are made to inspect water quality and its changes over large Finnish lake areas by means of field work. Satellite images and their computer- aided analysis may help to locate the most critical areas where changes in water quality have taken place. Continuous satellite monitoring of water areas -- in terms of data availability -- can provide information for example of movements of dif ferent water bodies, changes in production rate, overgrowth, pollution and purification. However, more basic studies and progress are still needed before remote sensing will be able to answer all questions unambiguously. The wavelength channels of the Landsat MSS sensor are too wide and too few to allow distinct parametric map-like presentations of only one of the aquatic variables to be performed. Indications of different phenomena are intermingled, resulting in difficulties and mis interpretations in monitoring. Naturally brownish Finnish lake waters are easily confused with waste water pollution and even a sparse nymphaeid vegeta tion may prevent recognition of water quality. We must, then, be extremely cautious when trying to generalize results obtained from one water area to another. In applying the remote sensing technique to studies of aquatic areas the most critical support of the relevant water chemical data acquired by the Water District Offices of Finland makes it possible to find the main differences between various water areas in advance and to limit studies to within the same type lakes. Satellite data is thus not used to find major differences but rather to indicate minor variations within basically similar water units. Even certain small nuances and changes in water quality can be traced and followed once a critical choice has first been made of what factors can be monitored and when and where (Lindell 1980, Raitala et al. 1984c). Channel 7 for example displays very sensitively changes in the quality of the uppermost surface water and in vegetation above, on and just below the water surface. Near-infrared radiation is almost totally absorbed by even a thin water layer, while the existence of green vegetation, turbidity, algae production and surface-reaching shallows in crease the quantity of reflected radiation. Statistical correlation between certain water chemical values and Landsat record derivatives from within the Kuusamo and Kemijarvi areas in north-

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