Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

damen, m. c. j.

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Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856641294

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: IX Seiten, Seiten 551-956

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A,. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856641294

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,2)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Editor:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission of Photographic and Remote Sensing Data

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: 5 Non-renewable resources: Geology, geomorphology and engineering projects. Chairman: J. V. Taranik, Liaison: B. N. Koopmans

Write comment:: Wegen zu enger Bindung kommt es teilweise im Original zu Textverlust.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: Regional geologic mapping of digitally enhanced Landsat imagery in the southcentral Alborz mountains of northern Iran. Sima Bagheri, Ralph W. Kiefer

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

558 also be used to examine intraclass variability, to examine how separability may change with an increase or decrease in the number of channels utilized, and to determine the spectral channels most useful for classifying specific class pairs. The transformed divergence analysis identified the optimum subset of two MSS bands as bands 5 (.5 to .6 ;jm) and 7 (.8 to 1.1 /am). Note that the selected bands are those that have been generally recommended for geologic analysis. The transformed divergence algorithms allow the analyst to determine if infor mation classes are spectrally unique or should be modified by merging or deleting classes. The resulting classification of rock types (not ill ustrated here), based on the procedures described above, is estimated to be about 80% accurate based on field data. 4. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LINEAMENTS DETECTED FROM ENHANCED LANDSAT IMAGERY The major structural elements of the southcentral Alborz Mountains are faults. These faults trend east-west, causing the Precambrian formations drop from the height of Alam Kuh (4800 m) to an unknown depth below Kavir plain (Asserto, 1966, Stocklin, 1974). The fracture traces of Qazvin Plain located near the far west boundary of the study area are typical expressions of such structure and trend ESE to WNW parallel to the main trends of the area. Some east- striking structural elements interfere with this strike direction and are visible in the southern border of Alborz Mountains. It is postulated that the interplay of these trends contributed to the occurrence of Boyin Earthquake. Topographic lineaments are additional features depicted on Landsat scene of the study area. They are characterized by the alignment of topographic features and tonal alignments indicated by specific soil, moisture, vegetation and relief. On the basis of analysis of the enhanced Landsat MSS images of the study area, most of the topographic lineaments, faults, and other lineaments seem to be related to a system of compressional stress that extends from the south or central Iranian Plateau to the north. The tectonic activity along this stress zone has been going on since Cretaceous time (Stocklin, 1974). The most recent activity was manifested by numerous earthquakes, suggesting that the evolution of the range is still in progress. 5. CORRELATION OF LINEAMENTS WITH EARTHQUAKE AND MINERAL OCCURRENCES informati is sparse In this s MSS image ments an undetecte the seis region, on both s area are to have b This fin a deep-se break nea lineament The detec areas th phate, pri fertilize a great tion prob In additii ment anal; of damagi essential of the ari The small scale of Landsat images makes the alignment of individual features across large areas more obvious. Within the study area there are several lineaments that possess characteristics normally associated with faults, which are classified as such and marked by names (Figure 3). The main fault traces correspond to Kandovan, Garmabdar, Fasham- Musha and Tuchal-Karaj faults. These fault traces appear on the enhanced Landsat images as terrain scars, and are easily recognizable over a distance of many kilometers. The continuity of the Garmabdar Fault, particularly at its western end, is surprising when compared with information previously acquired. On a geology map (Asserto, 1966), the location of the Garmabdar Fault is in part assumed, and shows a bend toward north that can be confirmed by examination of the Landsat images. Despite the linearity of the Fasham-Musha Thrust, there are minor bends in the fault that may, in fact, be small offsets at its intersection with several small transverse faults. This suggests that tectonic forces have continued to be active in recent times. Based on geological mapping, this lineament is the trace of a high angle fault, with evidence of fault breccia and stratigraphic displacement on the ground. It is clearly depicted on the Landsat MSS images that all the fold axes here are parallel to the trace of this thrust. In addition to the trace of the fault, the outline of Shahrestanak Klippe, a calcareous allochthonous, mass is traceable. In the case of Tuchal-Karaj Upthrust, the line of structure seems to be fairly clear indication of a thrust marking the Alborz front as a continuous scar. The trace of this thrust is marked by springs and patches of vegetation that appear in dark tone on the Landsat images. This fault separates the gentle morphology of short ridges and elongated hills to its southern side from the intensity folded zone to its northern side. In addition to fault lineaments, several fracture zones were identified on the enhanced Landsat imagery of the study area. These features include linear features attributable to terrain discontinuities that are arranged in sets having a common orientation. The identification of previously unknown lineaments and fracture systems has been a major contribution of Landsat image analysis in mineral exploration and the identification of earthquake occurrences. Indica tions of the relationship between lineaments and zones of seismic activities, as well as mineral ization areas, can be detected by comparative analysis of lineament maps, maps of the regional distribution of mineral deposits, and epicenter maps of historical earthquakes. The detection of such information on Landsat imagery could provide a better understanding of seismic risk hazards or mineral concentration locations for reg ional development schemes. The information derived from an analysis of lineament concentrations can indicate where the crust is the weakest and, there fore, most likely to be mineralized or susceptible to seismic activity. For the purpose of this study, overlays were prepared depicting (1) the occurrence of phosphate deposits and (2) the epicenters of historic earthquakes within the study area. These overlays were compared with the orientation of the lineaments interpreted from enhanced and classified Landsat images. A correlation was found between the distribution of phosphate deposits in central Alborz (Geological Survey of Iran, 1974), and lineament trends expressed on the Landsat images. The comparison also demon strated the dependence of seismically active zones on the regional structural features and showed a good agreement between the general distribution of epi centers and active faults. The significance of these correlations in future mineral exploration and earthquake risk hazard assessment is of invaluable importance. 6. SUMMARY Landsat images are being used operationally in the completion of geologic maps of different parts of the world. Geologic maps based on Landsat-derived information are especially useful in providing WORKS CIT] Assereto, Valley. Gansser, i vations Petr. M: Geological 11, Tehi Haack, B.l Polarize gating Engineei 340. Pohn, H.A. logic I Conferee Colorado Siegal, B. Sensing Stocklin, of Iran, Stocklin, Scottish SELECTED B American Sensing Sensing American Sensing Quality Remote S American S Remote S

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