Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

damen, m. c. j.

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Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856641294

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: IX Seiten, Seiten 551-956

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A,. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856641294

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,2)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Editor:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission of Photographic and Remote Sensing Data

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: 5 Non-renewable resources: Geology, geomorphology and engineering projects. Chairman: J. V. Taranik, Liaison: B. N. Koopmans

Write comment:: Wegen zu enger Bindung kommt es teilweise im Original zu Textverlust.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: Spring mound and aioun mapping from Landsat TM imagery in south-central Tunisia. Arwyn Rhys Jones & Andrew Millington

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

imposite of the .ng the playa >un and spring ì plunging swing spring ant limestone a Chott el bottom of the { can be r halophytic arrounded by because of the jetation and 3 (0.63- also relatively sund vegetation ration. As pplies all the ly under stress d Bands 3 and 4 station does partially dies tic vegetation In addition the Table 1.Profiles of digital values across spring mounds, aioun and associated sand tails. SAND TAILS 177 174 169 180 171 180 176 180 178 179 179 178 202 176 224 189 222 205 221 211 212 207 204 193 197 182 181 180 171 178 161 174 159 176 164 174 SPRING MOUNDS 203 201 206 204 203 210 0 218 229 196 0 98 140 124 111 118 0 118 133 120 59 0 48 94 110 0 131 110 221 196 181 0 48 43 203 222 AIOUN 90 93 91 77 89 78 75 70 71 70 70 70 68 70 73 68 83 94 100 101 103 98 101 loo 82 86 72 71 72 75 77 74 73 71 68 83 halophyte communities have lower plant densities than the mound spring communities and consist of single storey shrubby or herbaceous plants. As a consequence of the differences in community structure and density single pixel spectral responses in the halophyte communities are a mixture of salt-tolerant vegetation and bare playa surfaces. Furthermore, the dominant types of vegetation are often grey-green or reddish green, compared to the deeper greens of date palms and other irrigated crops. Aioun only occur in the central playa facies in the Chott el Djerid where there is no vegetation. However there are concentric circles of salt effloresences, indicative of variations in surface salt concentrations. These create a very distinctive circular pattern of variations in reflectance at all visible and infra-red wavelengths and so can be detected in all TM bands. 4. DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING AND PLAYA GEOMORPHOLOGY Digitally processed MSS and TM imagery has been used to map playa facies of the Chott el Djerid (Jones, 1986a,b; Mitchell, 1982; Munday, 1985) and the Chott el Fedjadj (Jones, 1986a,b). From Fig. 2 it can be seen that the distribution of spring mounds is confined to marginal playa facies and that aioun are restricted to a more central facies, (Mitchell, 1982) . This study builds upon previous work by examining in more detail the distribution of spring mounds and aioun within playa facies. All of the image processing reported on in this paper was carried out on a TM image (Path 192; Row 36) taken on 29 January, 1983. The detailed image processing was carried out on a subscene of this larger image. This was located so that it encompasses the spring mound field on the Chott el Fedjadj. It was apparent from a visual inspection of different single band images of the area that the data showed significant intercorrela- tion between bands, although some bands, particularly 5 (1.55-1.75ym) and 7 (2.08-2.35ym) contained more geomorphological information than others. Table 2 shows the correlation matrix derived from the six TM reflective bands in the spring mound test area. High correlations were found between all bands (for all correlations r= +0.688) with very high correlations between the three visible bands, the two middle infra-red bands and Band 4 and all other bands. It is well known that the TM was designed primarily for vegetation discrimination with bands selected to take advantage of the spectral response of vegetation (Salmonson et al., 1980). The implication for geomorphological investigations of bare surfaces, such as playas, is that after studying an infra-red or FCC image that additional single band images provide little additional information unless a narrow pixel value range is utilised. After comparing the images it was concluded that Band 3 (0.63-00.69yjn) was the most useful image for analysis. This was due to the clear depiction of vegetation (by chlorophyll absorption) on spring mounds and playa surfaces, which allowed the easy identification of spring mounds. The playa facies with spring mounds Table 2 TM Bands correlation matrix for spring mound area 1 2 3 4 5 6 1.000 .957 1.000 .925 .983 1.000 .869 .932 .936 1.000 .734 .840 .878 .872 1.000 .608 .706 .738 .746 .944 1.000 was delimited and a contrast stretch was applied to this area to enhance the contrast between features (Fig. 2). All further image processing was carried out on this contrast stretched image. One of the main aims of the study was to see if linear patterns could be detected in the distribution of spring mounds that could be related to faulting and jointing patterns in the underlying rocks. The alignment of isolated circular geological features to indicate underlying geological phenomena has been attempted in volcanic terrain but we believe this is the first attempt to use such analytical techniques in folded sedimentary strata; although lineament analysis of faults, lithological boundaries and fold axes is well known in similar terrain. To highlight the edges in the image prior to lineament analysis a series of directional edge enhancements were applied to the single band image. Edge enhancement operates by passing a digital filter or kernal, in the form of a matrix, over the data. It has been successfully used in many studies of geological lineaments (Bailey et al., 1982). Four directional filters were selected (N, NW, W and SW) for this study. Ratioing of spectral bands was also examined initially as it is known to reduce topographic noise and enhance spectral differences between surface features. However, to effectively use such methods, the relationship between the surface materials and the spectral responses must be understood. Whilst a partial knowledge of the reflectance properties of playa salts it known the actual ratio images produced poor results and were not used in the later analysis. 4.1 Lineament analysis of spring mound distribution Lineament analysis of spring mound distribution were carried out on five images; a Band 3,4,5 FCC, four single Band 3 images with different directional filters (N, NW, W and SW), (Fig. 4). In addition lineament analysis of the known lithological boundaries in the area was carried out on a Band 3 image. Software for the lineament analysis was written by D. Greenbaum (British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, UK) for the IIS image processing system. The technique involves the visual interpretation and drawing of lineaments on the VDU. Lineaments were defined as straight lines joining three or more spring mounds. The spring mound area is roughly rectangular (Figs. 2 and 3) and this means that there is a greater probability of longer lineaments, connecting greater numbers of mound springs, in 609

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