Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

damen, m. c. j.

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Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856662364

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: VI, Seiten 959-1074

Year of publication:: 2016

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856662364

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,3)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: Invited papers

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: Hydrologic and oceanographic applications of remote sensing. Arthur P. Cracknell

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Symposium on Remote Sensing for Resources Development and Environmental Management/Enschede/August 1986 © 1987 Balkema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 6191 674 7 1005 Hydrologic and oceanographic applications of remote sensing Arthur P.Cracknell Carnegie Laboratory of Physics, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK ABSTRACT: This is a very wide remit and so an attempt will be made (i) to survey what has already been achieved by the use of remotely-sensed data in the fields of hydrology and oceanography, (ii) to assess the present position and assess both what can be achieved and what it is unrealistic to expect to achieve in these fields with currently-available remotely-sensed data and (iii) to predict the likely advances that can be expected to be made with new types of remotely-sensed data that can be expected to become available in the near future. 1 INTRODUCTION It is appropriate, since this is a meeting of a Commission of ISPRS, to think in terms of synthesis. I have in mind particularly a synthesis between two fields which have, in the past, often been quite separate but which are now already coming closer together and which, hopefully, will draw even more close together in the future. The fields I have in mind are on the one hand the use of air photographs, whether for qualitative photo-interpretation or for quantitative photogrammetric work, and on the other hand the use of data from remote sensing satellites. In the past these fields of work have tended to remain separated because the nature of the data obtained from the two sources was rather different. The differences can conveniently be summarised under the headings (i) spatial resolution, (ii) spectral characteristics and (iii) temporal resolution. With the improved spatial resolution of the new generation of instruments that have recently been launched into space, namely the Thematic Mapper on LANDSAT-4 and LANDSAT-5 and the HRV on the SPOT-1 satellite, the gap between the spatial resolution of air photo graphs and that of satellite-flown scanners is becoming very much reduced. A great deal of photogrammetric and remote sensing work has, in the past, been devoted to study of what I might call dry land. By dry land I mean'not just the land, as distinct from the sea, but aspects of the land in which the presence of water is somewhat secondary. Also, because conventional photo- grammetry has been based on the use of aerial photo graphs it has usually, of necessity, been confined to dealing with small areas of the surface of the Earth. By contrast, conventional remote sensing has been based on the use of low-spatial-resolution satellite data which covers much larger areas of the surface of the Earth. To survey the work that has been done in the past and to assess the present position in the fields that it is the purpose of this paper to address, one can hardly expect to do better than to summarise the relevant chapters of the second edition of the Manual of Remote Sensing (Colwell 1983). The relevant chapters are chapter 28 on "The Marine Environment" and chapter 29 on "Water Resources Assessment"; I shall, therefore, try (i) to summarise the main points from these chapters, (ii) to add any more recent material from publications subsequent to that edition of the Manual, (iii) to comment on the present position and (iv) to make some predictions about future developments. 2 SUMMARY OF PAST WORK ON HYDROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY Since, as I have already indicated, the past work in these areas has been reviewed meticulously in the Manual of Remote Sensing there would be no purpose, in the written version of this paper, in giving an extensive plagiarism of that work. I shall simply give a brief summary, though a more extensive discussion will be given in the oral presentation. 2.1 Hydrology Considering hydrology first, the main past applications of remote sensing noted in chapter 29 of the Manual include (a) Underground water resources (b) Soil moisture and évapotranspiration (c) Snow and ice mapping and monitoring (d) Estimation of meltwater runoff (e) Surface water mapping and monitoring (f) Flood monitoring (g) Mapping of catchment areas, wetlands, irrigated areas, inter-tidal zone, coastal erosion/ accretion. Behind many of these applications is the question of the assessment of water resources. The question of pollution, which can be very important in lakes, rivers and estuaries is actually discussed in the previous chapter. 2.2 Oceanography The main topics which have been studied in the past by using remote sensing techniques are noted in chapter 28 of the Manual and include : (a) Water surface temperature (b) Ocean fronts and currents (c) Surface topography (d) Coastal currents (e) Sea state and near-surface winds (f) Sea ice monitoring (g) Sewage, industrial and oil pollution (h) Salinity (i) Chlorophyll concentration (j) Fisheries (k) Submerged aquatic vegetation (l) Suspended sediment concentration (m) Bathymetry (n) Circulation models. There is, inevitably, some overlap between the material in the two chapters, especially regarding the coastal regions where freshwater systems and marine systems meet.

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