' 
23 
3.3 Although developments and solutions may not be as simple as they seem to be sketched 
here, the pattern is certainly there, and it has a powerful thrust. It is evident, that the change of 
paradigm is fundamental. In those new and large systems we do not stay within pliotogramme- 
try, remote sensing, surveying or mapping any more. The concepts are much wider and larger., 
and the main developments come from other disciplines of science and technology. We can, 
however, join in the development to solve our conventional problems and go into new fields with 
the pov/er of new and large systems. 
I might add a side remark concerning the change of paradigm. It also can have a backward 
effect. New automated methods may not be able anymore to solve some problems in the same 
way as previous manual methods did. As a result old standards might simply be dropped and 
not be considered essential any more. Remote sensing, for example, has great difficulties in 
meeting the conventional standards of mapping. It might happen that those standards will be 
lowered to meet the given possibilities, thus abandoning previous quality specifications. 
4 Consequences for the Survey Profession and Education 
4.1 The previous considerations have already described the great impact which the development 
has had on our working methods, on our products, on the general scope of our work, as well as 
on the services to the professional world and to society. We have seen that the general, expansion 
of the development beyond mere technical aspects has had vast implications and consequences 
concerning products, application, and the integration into more general systems. That we face 
a real change of paradigm is obvious, and we are sure that the trend will continue. The driving 
force is essentially high level automation and computer science, although in some aspects au 
tomation will have to struggle hard until acceptable solutions may be obtained, in the area of 
image understanding, for instance. 
Let us therefore look into some more general consequences of the development which we can 
anticipate already. The integration forces will become even stronger than they are now. The 
consequences will not only modify the conventional products and extend user groups, as GIS 
has done. They will touch general structures of our professional world and of the services we 
render to a changing society. 
We notice, for instance, that the industry is changing which hits traditionally produced the 
hardware for photogrammetry and surveying. The changes concern products and companies as 
well. Each congress exhibition shows an almost disturbing number of companies from the field 
of electronics, of computers, of computer graphics and of software. Especially also the many 
small software companies mark the changing conditions. 
In a similar way some organisational structures within our conventional administrative systems 
are being changed, as a result of the new technical conditions and especially because of the 
extended demands for services. The classical state survey departments which have been 
responsible for geodesy, mapping, and often for the cadastral systems too, have to open them 
selves to the new possibilities of digital mapping, data bases, and remote sensing, if they want, 
to maintain their position within the government administration. In many countries new min- 
isteries and new organisations have been founded which are established either as space agencies 
or as environmental departments. And they have the more or less natural and politically viable 
indiniation to enlarge their field of work by penetrating the classical fields of mapping. 
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