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2. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR 
INTEGRATIONS 
The rapid development of information technology at the end of 
the last century has led to the realization that without the 
application of modern techniques in archaeology and 
conservation it is not possible to keep up to date of the 
demanding documentation processes which are directly 
connected with an increasingly demanding research 
methodology and with the documentation itself. As part of 
many methods of recording of culture heritage were 
photogrammetry is one of the techniques of data acquisition, 
which has successfully established itself in conservation and 
archaeology over the last hundred years. On archaeology the 
photogrammetric method of documentation is predominantly 
connected with rescue excavation or recording of standing 
structures, since this method of documentation is seen as the 
only one to guarantee the reliability and accuracy of the actual 
condition. In the past the process of excavation was directly 
dependent on the execution and speed of the photogrammetric 
shooting, the stereophotography, development time and the 
ability of the team. Because of the limitations mentioned above 
the excavation process often had to adapt itself to the shooting 
of stereo pairs, the photogrametrist was not always rationally 
exploited, while a laboratory for the production of photo 
sketches was not always available, which slowed the progress 
of the excavation. Manipulation is fast and very important in 
the archaeological interpretation of the site. Another important 
advantage of this method of photogrammetric recording is the 
speed of data acquisition and instant processing. Documentation 
of this type in digital form is also essential in the drawing -up 
of conservation programmers, which in the final phase lead to 
various presentation decisions, and for the preparation of 
various models of visualizations, design of modern structure 
shelters or coverings. The comparison showed that significant 
differences exist in the accuracy of photographs of the same 
architectural remains, and above all that we can understand 
archaeological or architectural drawing as a phase of 
preliminary interpretation. Preliminary interpretation, if not 
done together with photogrammetric documentation, is not a 
true representation of the actual condition, and since the 
documentation is also created for the future, only a document, 
which shows the true condition, is credible (Stokin, 2002). 
3. PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURAL 
PHOTOGRAMMETRY 
For many purposes detailed plans of existing buildings are 
required. Especially for the preservation of architectural 
monuments a great variety of data about the facades and the 
structures is needed for documentation purposes and for 
planning of further activities, especially by CAD methods. If 
the original plans are not available or if the facade has been 
changed the only way to acquire this data is the survey of the 
buildings surface. This can be achieved either by direct 
measurements using scaffolding or indirectly by 
photogrammetric approaches. 
The basic idea of architectural photogrammetry is to reconstruct 
the imaging geometry, which was effective during the exposure 
of photographs in order to derive object coordinates. However, 
the three dimensions of the object are reduced in the photograph 
to a two-dimensional image space. This is why three- 
dimensional object coordinates cannot be derived from one 
image. Photogrammetry therefore combines information from 
two appropriate images to survey a three-dimensional object. 
The photogrammetric approach offers several significant 
advantages compared to classical surveying methods. Field 
operations are reduced to the acquisition of photographs and the 
measurement of a few control points. In this way a tremendous 
amount of information is permanently stored in the 
photographic film, surpass sing each construction plan or 
drawing. Any detail of a building, which is photographed in at 
least two images, can be subject to photogrammetric restitution. 
This procedure can be carried out at any time and at any place 
independently from the object. Modern photogrammetry can 
effectively provide metric data of high and homogenous quality 
from existing buildings for CAD purposes (Albert, J., 
Wiedemann, A., 1995). 
4. PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND GIS 
The use of new techniques and an interdisciplinary approach 
offer a wide data base and thus make it possible to make more 
reliable interpretation of the results, which are an integral part 
of the conservation project. The integration of photogrammetric 
and geographic analyses through the employment of computer 
documentation system permits precise documentation, rapid 
access to data and elaboration with new methods. 
Since the development of the science of photogrammetry, there 
have been many applications of its techniques and technology 
in the recording and documentation of monuments and sites of 
importance. Whilst there may have been a redirection of effort 
when aerial mapping expanded following the invention of 
aircraft, there has been a shift again to other measurement 
applications offered by photogrammetry, especially those in 
architecture and archaeology. Developments in the sciences of 
photogrammetry and image processing over the past decade or 
so have seen an increase in the automation of the data collection 
process, ranging from high precision industrial applications 
through to simple solutions for non traditional users (for 
example, 3D builder and PhotoModeler). In addition systems 
that use imagery from consumer digital and analogue video 
systems and sequences of images have almost automated the 
creation of 3D models (as has the development of 3D laser 
scanners)(Ogleby, 1999). 
Photogrammetry is a technique whereby information about the 
position, size and shape can be attained. Photogrammetric 
products refer almost exclusively to the object space (maps, 
surfaces (DEM’s), orthophotos, points, profiles). 
Photogrammetry is an important contribution to many 
disciplines. The most widespread use of the photogrammetric 
technique being for the representation of the facades or 
elevations of building and structures. There are many uses of 
the technique, including 3D city models for building repair and 
conservation. The 3D reconstruction of houses and other man 
made objects is currently undergoing active research, and is an 
issue of high importance to many users of GIS, including urban 
planners, architects, telecommunication and environmental 
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