CIPA 2003 XIX th International Symposium, 30 September - 04 October, 2003, Antalya, Turkey
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II.2.1.1. Sieve Analysis and Chemical Analyses
In determining the types of material used as binders and
aggregates and their mixture ratios within the original mortar,
chemical analyses and sieve analysis are made. If the binder in
the original mortar is lime, sieve analysis is made after solving
the mortar in acid. If the binder is soil, the sieve analysis is
made for the aggregate after it is dissolved in water. The sieve
analysis is made in order to determine the grain dimension
dispersion of the material used as aggregates. If there are
additional fibrous additives like hay, it is revealed during the
analysis. Calcination analyses are made in order to determine
the type of the binder, presence of organic matter and their
ratios of presence. Calcination is an experimental method by
measuring the weight losses of the sample mortar through
heating it in the oven at high temperatures. With the calcination
tests, determination of humidity, water content, loss through
heating and the content of organic matter are revealed.
Carbonate determination test is made by heating the sample
mortar at high temperatures and calculating the amount of loss.
Other experiments under the heading of chemical analyses are
the analysis of salts disssolved in water. These are: Chloride
(Cf) analysis, Sulphate (S0 4 ' 2 ) and Carbonate (C0 3 ' 2 ) analysis,
Nitrade (N0 3 ') analysis, protein analysis and saponifiable oil
analysis. Through interpreting the qualitative (element type
determination) and quantitative (amount) determination in
chemical analysis together with petrographic and x- ray data,
the types of binders and aggregates are determined.
11.2.1.2. The Petrographical and Minerological Analyses
Petrographical analyses are made in order to determine the
mineral type and structure of the mortar’s aggregate. The
analysis of the mineral character in the sound part of the
original mortar and analysis of the deformed mineral parts are
made on samples which are prepared by taking a cross section
from the mortar. Other methods of analysis in determining the
grain dimension, shape, location system, color, tissue and
crystal structure are scaning electron microscope (SEM) and
elemental dispersive analysis (EDAX). In addition, these
features are examined also by X-Ray diffraction. Additionally,
with the ICP analyses minerals in the material are expressed in
terms of chemical formulas.
11.2.2. The Determination of the Physical and Mechanical
Properties of the Original Mortar
The physical and mechanical property tests conducted for the
original mortar should be done on the repair mortar samples as
well. The results of these experiments are statistically evaluated
and compared. (Table 5).
II.2.2.1.The Physical Property Tests
Properties
Name of the Testing Techniques
Aim To Define
Weight
Density (g/cm 3 ), Specific gravity ( g/cm 3 )
Composity, Porosity
Water absorption ratio
Pressurized water absorption rate and ratio under atmosphere
conditions (%),Coefficient of capillary water absorption (g/cm 2 Vdak)
Visual Porosity
Pore ratio and structure
Pore size distribution (Porozimetry)measurement, Porosity ratio ( %),
Saturation degree measurement (%)
Real Porosity and Saturation
properties related to its
lifecycle durability.
Water vapour
permeability
Water vapour diffusion resistance factor test
Durability properties against
wetting-drying cycles.
Temperature resistance
Coefficient of thermal dilatation testing
Interaction property of
original between new mortar.
II.2.2.2. The Mechanical Property Tests
Determination of
Aim To Define
Compression strength (MPa), Tensile strength (N/mm 2 ), Flexural strength (N/mm 2 )
Resistance against horizontal
and vertical loads.
Youngs’ Modulus (N/mm 2 )
Ductility or brittleness
property.
Adhesion strength (N/mm 2 )
Adhesion to different
material.
Determination of Hardness,
Abrasion strength
The strength of stiffness and
life cycle.
Table 5. The Physical and Mechanical Property Tests
Phase III: Evaluation
In the light of previously made visual and experimental
analyses, the new mortar which is similar to the original mortar
in appearance is designed in this phase. Since the quantitative
and qualitative results of the mixture ratios and the physico-
mechanical properties of the original mortar has been calculated
by making a statistical distribution of the experimental studies,
it is appropriate to make design tests for the new repair mortar.
III.l. Design of the Repair Mortars
While producing the repair mortar, aesthetic concerns like
structure and color compatibility should be taken into account
together with physical and mechanical properties. The
properties and the mixture rations of the present material should
take place within the process of designing the repair mortar.
III.1.1. The Determination of the Properties of the Raw
Material
It is necessary to know the type and size of the aggregates to be
used in the newly produced mortar together with the chemical
structure of the lime that will be used as a binder. In addition,
having some information about the effects of the additives such
