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DISCUSSION ON INTERPRETATION OF ICE 163
Archipelago". The paper is illustrated with
photos and a map showing principal navigation
routes in this arctic area.
Dr Erkki Palosuo of the Institute of Marine
Research, Helsinki, (Helsingfors), Finland, has
presented a paper entitled “On the Employment
of Aerial Photography for Ice Research in the
Baltic”. There are two scientific projects of
particular topical interest going on in Finland,
one is to determine the effect of wind on ice
cover, especially the amount of rafting, size and
shape of floes, etc, and the other is to estimate
the speed of disintegration of sea ice by the aid
of aerial photos.
Dr Valter Schytt of the Institute of Geo-
graphy, Stockholm University, Sweden, a well-
known glaciologist and Arctic researcher as well
as one who has spent several winters in the
Antarctica, has presented a valuable paper on
“Glacier Inventory from Air Photographs” and
a glacier map on the basis of photo interpreta-
tion of verticals, taken in 1959, showing the
regional distribution and the orientation of all
the glaciers in Sweden, totalling 237.
Finally, Dr Geza Teleki, Professor of Geolo-
gy at the George Washington University in the
United States and Researcher for the Arctic
Institute of North America, has presented a
paper entitled “The Relation of Navigation, Sea-
Ice Forecast and Aerial Photographs in the
Arctic Regions”.
This very interesting paper has been chosen
as the invited paper of Working Group No. 6
and will now be given as a lecture, accompanied
by slides. Immediately after the lecture, we will
have time for a short discussion of Dr Teleki's
speech. On Wednesday the 14th at 15.40 to
16.30 our discussion will continue in Room 381.
Several other pictures of interest, presenting
Arctic glaciers, etc, will then be shown.
Dr Teleki was born in Hungary and was a
professor of Economic Geology and Geography
at Hungarian Universities from 1940 to 1948.
Between 1937 and 1944 he was active in various
geological research projects — oil, bauxite and
others — in Hungary, Austria, Rumania, Yugo-
slavia, Turkey, Syria and Iraq.
In 1944 he was a member of the Hungarian
Armistice Delegation to Moscow to sign a pre-
liminary armistice between the Allies and Hun-
gary, and participated in forming the first
Hungarian post-World War II government.
From 1949 tot 1950 Dr Teleki was a
researcher at Virginia Geographic Institute,
University of Virginia (Army project) and be-
tween 1951 and 1955 Associate Professor of
Foreign Affairs at the University of Virginia,
and Researcher (Navy Project) at the Virginia
Geographic Institute. From 1955 to 1956 Dr
Teleki was scientific translator for the Military
Hydrology, Corps of Engineers, and since 1957
Professor of Geology at The George Washington
University in Washington, DC.
In the summers of 1957 and 1958 he was
active in sea ice research in the Beaufort Sea
area.
Professor Teleki, please.
Professor TELEKI then read his paper (see
after page 164).
Discussion
Capt. RAGNAR THORÉN: Thank you very
much, Professor Teleki for that very interesting,
informative and valuable lecture. I should like
to ask Dr Terence Armstrong of Cambridge who
is here today to say something to us. He is an
expert on Russia and the Russian Arctic. He was
on an all-Russian exploration on the Arctic.
Perhaps Dr Armstrong would have some more
ideas of Russian Arctic research to give us. We
should be very thankful if he had.
Dr TERENCE ARMSTRONG: I shall only detain
you for two minutes, and not more. I simply
want to add a couple of points to my own paper
which you probably will not have seen but which
was about Russian work on this question of the
use of photography for ice interpretation. Some
new Russian work has come to light since I
Archives 6
wrote the paper, revealing that the Russians
in fact use photography more than I thought
they did. I thought they used it very little;
they turn out to use it quite a bit. Unfortu-
nately for subsidiary purposes, they do not
use it — and I do not think anybody does —
in order to try and determine how much ice
there is in the Arctic ocean. This involves
using too much film, too many cameras and too
much time, and there is no point to it. However,
the Russians do use some quite interesting tech-
niques of interpretation which I had not known
about and which have just now come to my
notice, particularly on the study of photographs
of particular areas of floating ice. They have
been able to produce correlations between such
things as the amount of open water between ice
floes and the sub-marine contours. This is some-
