disaster management are examined during the analyses 
stage. 
2. VARIOUS APPROACHES OF AFAYBIS 
PROJECT 
There are 4 basic phases in the disaster and emergency 
management: 
e Preparedness 
e Mitigation 
e Response 
e Recovery 
The laws about the disaster management are generally 
related to the post-disasters which are response and 
recovery in Turkey. When the situation is considered 
locally, central government, local administrations, non- 
government agencies, universities and other institutions 
and foundations have legal or spontaneous 
responsibilities. 
Disaster and emergency management is vertical 
application from the view of GIS, that is to say, it is 
connected to the several institution and data. It is 
determined that there are 3 data groups as base for 
disaster and emergency management (OAS, 1990). These 
are as follows: 
e Natural hazards information, which denotes the 
presence and effect of natural phenomena. This 
information should ideally include the location, 
severity, frequency, and probability of 
occurrence of a hazardous event. Location is 
the easiest for planners to find; the rest can 
often be obtained from sectoral agencies, 
natural hazard research and monitoring centers, 
and, increasingly, integrated development 
planning studies. 
. Information on natural ecosystems (e.g., slopes 
and slope stability, river flow capacity, 
vegetation cover), which provides the basis for 
estimating the effect natural hazards can have 
on the goods and services these systems offer 
and also determines the factors or conditions 
that create, modify, accelerate, and/or retard the 
occurrence of a natural event. 
* Information on population and infrastructure, 
which is the basis for quantifying the impact 
natural events, can have on existing and 
planned development activities. Large scale 
data describing lifeline infrastructure and 
human settlements, for example, are critical 
elements for preparing vulnerability 
assessments and for initiating disaster 
preparedness and response activities. 
e And other inventory data. 
The organizational approach of AFAYBIS project is as 
follows: It is appropriate for founding National GIS and 
Remote Sensing Data and Data Coordination Center 
affiliated to Prime Ministry, and developing of NSDI 
(National Spatial Data Infrastructure) together with the 
institutions, private sector and universities. Clearinghouse 
portal which includes the metadata and catalogue data of 
data producers like public institutions will be available 
over internet. Institutions and citizens will attain the data 
from the web portal based on the metadata. It is thought 
184 
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B4. Istanbul 2004 
for AFAYBIS Project that the city databases are required 
backing up the data in the Disaster Management Center 
(DMC) in case of disconnection. The data and the 
information of disaster and emergency management will 
be available in The GIS and Remote Sensing Data 
Coordination Center in Disaster Management Centers for 
cities and districts. 
The connection between the institutions and the center 
will be used during the implementation of database in the 
beginning; the connection will be used for updating of the 
database after the implementation. Furthermore after the 
disaster, the institutions which have missions for disaster 
management will transfer the information about their 
missions via DMC during the response and recovery 
phases. 
The data transfer from the center to the institutions will 
be available after implementation. Related institutions 
will reach the required data via Internet and copy them 
into database's according to the given access permissions. 
All the prepared data, information, products and prepared 
products by internet users on the database will be 
available in the center for the according to the access 
permissions. 
3. THE EXISTING STANDARTS FOR THE 
SPATIAL DATA AND GIS 
Standards are documented agreements containing 
technical specifications or other precise criteria to be used 
consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of 
characteristics, to ensure that materials, products, 
processes and services are fit for their purpose (ISO). 
Advantages of improving the standards and applying 
them for GIS are as follows (ISO / TC 211): 
eo Support the understanding and usage of 
geographic information 
eo Increase the availability, access, integration, 
and sharing of geographic information, enable 
inter-operability of  geospatially enabled 
computer systems 
e Contribute to a unified approach to addressing 
global ecological and humanitarian problems 
e Ease the establishment of  geospatial 
infrastructures on local, regional and global 
level 
e Contribute to sustainable development 
The spatial data and GIS standards have been developing 
and applying for years in many countries, institutions and 
nowadays in international platforms. Since the 
developing technologies contribute the GIS applications, 
standards and developments of standards studies for 
spatial data and GIS are became available for all and 
appeared as new extent and relations in 21% century. 
Current and past applications and considerations are 
being adapted to the innovations, and the advantages of 
developments of IT technologies are leveraging the 
standardization for GIS. Consequently, NSDI and GSDI 
(Global Spatial Data Infrastructure) are accepted as a 
connection of countries, data and civilians in many 
countries. [t is certain that studies in USA, EC CEN/TC 
287 studies, OpenGIS and ISO/TC 211 committee studies 
have effective role in these approaches. The required 
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