International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B4. Istanbul 2004
modern GIS and, in a second step, a more detailed investigation
about different type of risk.
During the elaboration of prediction and prevention studies
finalized to Civil Protection, in fact, it is preliminarily
necessary to evaluate the strategic function and the
vulnerability of the territorial infrastructures system (road
network, health centre, barracks, etc...) useful to support Civil
Protection activities.
In particular, it is possible to develop the study concerning then
next themes:
1. the infrastructural system analysis, with a specific
reference to its functionality in emergency condition (helps
coordination and management, injured people assistance,
escape path);
2. the individuation and characterisation of the “essential”
infrastructure in relation to hypothesized risk scenarios
(prefecture and coordination helps centres, hospitals,
lifelines, etc.);
3. the census and survey of structures and civil construction
that if damaged could compromise the functionality of
Civil Protection support apparatus;
4. the individuation and localisation of the critical elements
of infrastructural patrimony and the elaboration of
intervention proposals for the mitigation of expected
damage caused by the loss of system efficiency (structural
retrofitting interventions on bridges, viaduct, etc., and
emergency mobility plans, etc.).
The wideness of the studied area and the involvement of
numerous territorial problems determine the necessity of using
GIS (Geographical Information System) not only for the great
amount of data storage and management but above all as a
useful instrument for studied phenomenon analysis.
Having a complete and exhaustive geographic data-bank
finalised to Civil Protection interventions is very important to
predispose every activities of planning and surveying.
Indeed, the knowledge of natural resources available in
emergency condition (related to the localisation, the typology
and the importance of the calamitous events) consents to
individuate, thanks to decisional support algorithm, not only the
best helps supply centres, but even the most opportune
methodologies for damages surveying. In this sense, another
strategic advantage is the possibility to supervise the emergency
teams in a coordinated and integrated way since the preliminary
alert step to the operative phase of damage surveying and
management step. The modern techniques of Real Time GIS
represent a great potentiality for the optimised management
both for surveying and first aid operation.
In the last years, the European Community has manifested great
attention to the problems of Civil Protection, pointing out that
National Organizations, that have to improve their efficiency,
have not been fully benefiting by the opportunities of new
technologies since these last were offered. For these reasons,
some trans-national project (such as FORMIDABLE and
FGFRIS) have been financed. Both the experiences, already
concluded, have created more efficient organizational structures
and have found the instruments necessary for the intervention
teams and for the implementation of the methods for territorial
data acquisition.
[n particular the relations and communication modalities
among central coordination of activities and local and mobile
operative units have been improved.
Moreover, a specific hardware architecture, composed by a
hand-held PC with a GPS receiver and GPRS terminal has been
selected.
Considering the high variety of risk typologies and the great
differences about the information to manage and to elaborate,
every GIS application have to be considered as a "specialized"
independent work environment related to a particular scenario.
Because of the difference of data and models required to
analyse and to manage every risk type, it is necessary to
predispose many specialized GIS application, based on high
informative detail and accuracy and great cartographic scale.
Everyone of these specialized GIS have to be co-ordinate with
the Central Civil Protection GIS, characterized by a common
geographic databank based on less greater cartographic scale
and containing general information useful during emergencies,
such as territorial resources location, population spatial
distribution, etc. Both central and specialized GIS have to be
intended as two different co-ordinated components aimed to
evaluate and, eventually, to manage territorial risks. So, the
entire system have to be planned using advanced one-to-many
relationship on different geographic databank and cartography.
GIS has to be intended not only as a decision support System,
but they reach the best expression if interpreted as a dynamic
working environment where it is possible to elaborate, also in
real time, new information from available data and to simulate
complicated phenomenon using mathematical models, using
vector or GRID basis.
Central Civil Protection GIS
a FOpgon | (uk
Specialized GIS Specialized GIS Specialized GIS
on Seismic Risk on Volcanic Risk on. lo Risk
Figure 1. Specialized GIS on different risk type related to
Central Civil Protection GIS
3. HAZARD SCENARIOS AND GEOMATIC ROLE AS
A SUPPORT IN CIVIL PROTECTION INTERVENTIONS
Further on, there is a synthetic description of the most
important aspects related to different hazard scenarios and of
the geomatic contribution for the knowledge and the
management of these.
3.1 Seismic risk
Seismic risk evaluation is generally articulated in three steps:
1. Seismic hazard study finalised to the definition of
scenario and to the adoption of the most probable
attenuation model related to the historic seismology
and the geologic and tectonic features of the territory;
2. Analysis of the indirect exposure related to the
distribution of population and of territorial
Interne
Usuall
buildin
years i
lifeline
particu
follow
Indeed
networ
wide, 1
or oth
difficu
structu
electrk
networ
loss, 1
immed
of resc
on the
In this
and in
the sc
related
(buildi
In this
knowl
and di
model
within
out al
should
event,
necess
simula
EGER
seismi
have t
the on
All th
compu
connec
survey
transm
update
lines
indispx
the res
Au a
CaH er
contrit
consen
orienta
to that
base o
carry «
the mo
Moreo
to proc
of the |
the po
perforı