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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B4. Istanbul 2004
model is provided by measurements on digital photogrammetric
systems, using original material.
In parallel to intensive application of standard DOP production
process, some alternative processes are tested, based on high-
resolution satellite imagery: IKONOS
(http://www.spaceimaging.com) and QuickBird
(http://www digitalglobe.com). Except for several examples
(DOP of smaller territories) alternative procedure still didn't
find wider application in practice (Mihajlovic, et al., 2004). The
most important reasons are:
* problems of multi user licensing,
e cloud coverage,
e still insufficient resolution,
e gravitation of local companies towards maximal
exploitation of already exiting photogrammetric
capacities and
* still undeveloped market of satellite products in
Serbia.
Having in mind permanent and evident advance in satellite
technology, with continuous cost reduction and performance
uplifting, it is to expect that high resolution images will become
equal information source for digital orthophoto production in
Serbia.
2.3 Dilemma regarding resolution
As one can see from the given tables (Table 2, 4), prevailing
resolution for thé up to know made or planned DOP in Serbia is
0.3m x 0.3m. Although there are examples where coarser
resolution was applied, according to our opinion, this resolution
is the result of the best possible relation between the price and
possibilities. Namely, in the all mentioned cases motives for the
starting up the projects were in the domain of town planning,
more precisely because existing cadastral maps are very non-up-
to-date. The main task of DOP pertained the information
collection about the space, in particular objects for which the
stated resolution was quite enough. There was no dilemma for
the most of users that DOP can not be the substitution for large-
scale maps. This is mostly due to the fact that objects are the
weakest point of DOP, because of deformation and "dead
angles". This problem can not be solved by enlarging pixel size.
As the price of DOP production rise in geometrical progression
with the higher pixel resolution, it is very often the case that
pixel size is determined according to available budget. That is
why in the most of the projects (showed in Table 4) two
resolutions are predicted. For the urban areas predicted
resolution is 0.3m and for suburban 0.5m.
2.4 Financial problems
Regardless to the fact that knowledge about needs for up-to-
date cadastral maps are present in almost every local
government, the process of decision making for starting up the
project is very slow and long. The most important are problems
concerning finance. There is confusion in many local areas
pertaining state and local authority about this subject.
Sometimes, just a motion of good will from some State
authority in the sense of symbolic financial support, is enough
for local government to make a decision. Additional problem is
that persons in charge for making a decision are very often not
competent in the area of interest.
557
‘ Pixel Total
Project | Status | Techn. | Photo | size
scale [m] Ares Maps|Photos
Ti '[km2]
; 1:14500| 0.3 | 661 98 | 233
Valiev Starte .
aljevo | Started color E5000 03] 486 1L [89
ee. ; 1:14500| 0.3 | 567 | 84 189
Sabac Planed | color 1:20000| 0.5 | 297 | 44 55
pes 1:14500] 0.3 81 12 27
Kikinda | Started | color 1:26000| 0.5 | 580 | 115 86
Dou eu ; 1:14500| 0.3 60 9 21
Novi Pazar| Started | color 1260001 0.5 | 716 1106 83
Novi Sad | Planed | color |1:14500| 0.3 | 891 | 132 | 297
n 5. 1:14500] 0.3 | 189 } 28 63
Cacak | Started | color 1.260000 0.5 1 446 | 66 53
Srem Plaucd | color 1:14500| 0.3 | 1458 | 216 | 486
district 1:26000| 0.5 | 1188 | 176 | 140
Vranje Plancd | color 1:14500| 0.3 | 574 | 85 | 192
district 1:26000| 0.5 | 1924 | 285 | 230
Nis Planed | color |1:14500| 0.3 | 641 95 | 215
Total: 1114300 031512217591 1723
11:26000| 0.5 | 5631 | 863 | 716
Total:110753|1622| 2439
Table 4: Overview of projects in preparation for year 2004
New tendencies show that big systems, like electricity
distribution companies, communication companies and police
are aware and in that sense they show the interest not just to buy
final product, but to participate in the process of pre-financing,
together with the local governments. It gives additional impulse
for easier project financing and for sure simplify the decision
making process in those areas where the finances are the
prevailing problem. Nevertheless, in those areas where
awareness about having DOP is still not so good, even the offer
for financial support is not enough for project starting.
3. MULTIPURPOSE ASPECTS OF DOP APPLICATION
Although initiative for DOP production in the most cases
originate from town planning services of local governments, it
should be pointed out that this is the clear case of multipurpose
digital maps. Agglomerated problems in the space organizing
inflicted DOP not just to town planners, but to the commissions
in the process of unlicensed construction legalization. The next
group of users is public services — water and electricity supply,
Telecom, etc. There's no general rule, due to the different
organization, equipment status of every public service.
Although the time of DOP exploitation is very short, some other
user groups can be seen coming from the second line. Those are
the users which financial capacity and needs are not such to
seriously participate in the process of DOP production, but with
no doubt about needs to have it. Some of them are satisfied with
the coarse DOP resolution, with the price appropriate to the
available possibilities. Some of them want micro-locations -
usually corridors of elongated objects (roads, railways, rivers,
etc). Multipurpose aspects of DOP opened some ethics
questions to non-profit institutions like museums, research
centers, faculties, schools, etc.
