International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B4. Istanbul 2004
Table 1: U.S. National Parks being mapped by the UGA-CRMS
Abbrev-
Park Name iation Location Size (Ha) # Photos | Photo Scale
Abraham Lincoln National Historic Site ABLI Kentucky 140 3 12,000
Big South Fork National Recreation Area BISO Kentucky/Tennessee 50,733 309 16,000
Blue Ridge Parkway BLRI North Carolina/Virginia 37,408 768 16,000
Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site CARL North Carolina 107 1 12,000
Cowpens National Battlefield COWP South Carolina 341 4 12,000
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park CUGA Kentucky 8,285 76 16,000
Fort Donelson National Historic Site FODO Tennessee 223 3 12,000
Great Smoky Mountains National Park GRSM Tennessee/North Carolina 209,000 1,200 12,000
Guilford Courthouse National Military Park GUCO North Carolina 93 1 12,000
Little River Canyon National Preserve LIRI Alabama 5,519 89 12,000
Mammoth Cave National Park MACA Kentucky 21,389 124 16,000
Ninety-Six National Historic Site NISI South Carolina 400 2 12,000
Obed Wild and Scenic River OBRI Tennessee 2,156 106 16,000
Stones River National Battlefield STRI Kentucky 288 3 12,000
these areas tend to be more highly influenced by geometric
errors caused by improper rectification techniques or poor
control. A full photogrammetric solution and orthorectifica-
tion is required in these instances.
Control Extension
Extension and simplification of ground control identification
and aerotriangulation procedures developed for mapping Great
Smoky Mountains National Park has dramatically improved the
speed and accuracy with which aerial photographs and overlays
can be prepared for use in building the GIS database (Jordan,
2002). These methods permit the use of non-traditional
features such as tree tops to be used for ground control. In
addition, the procedures can be undertaken by non-
photogrammetrists to achieve accuracies required to meet the
project goals and deadlines that would be difficult under
normal circumstances. Using low cost softcopy photo-
grammetry tools provided by the DMS Softcopy 5.0 software
package and standard aerotriangulation point distribution and
numbering practises, pass points are identified on scanned (42
um) color infrared aerial photographs (R-WEL, Inc., 2004).
Although well-defined cultural features are chosen as pass
points whenever possible, it is frequently the case that natural
features such as corners of clearings or even tree tops must be
employed when the tree canopy is extremely dense.
Well-defined features suitable for use as ground control points
(GCPs) are identified on USGS DOQQs and the scanned aerial
photos. Their X,Y Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
planimetric coordinates are measured directly from the DOQQ.
Elevation values for GCPs are extracted from USGS digital
elevation models (DEMs) using a bilinear interpolation
algorithm. In general, the accuracy of the GCP coordinates
recovered from these data sets is on the order of + 3-5 m in XY
and £4-7 m in Z.
Photo coordinates are organized into flight line strips within
DMS Softcopy 5.0 and automatically employed with the
AeroSys 5.0 for Windows aerotriangulation (AT) package to
compute map coordinates for the pass points (Stevens, 2002). The
process is quick and typical errors are comparable in magnitude to
the GCP coordinate errors. Experience has shown that a person
familiar with aerial photographs and the fundamental concepts of
photogrammetry quickly can be trained to do productive
aerotriangulation work with this system in just one or two days.
This is a vast improvement on previous AT software which required
weeks of experience and a strong photogrammetric background to
achieve adequate results.
Rectification of Overlays
Overlays first must be scanned and rectified to the map coordinate
system before the vegetation polygons can be incorporated into the
GIS database. It is difficult, however, to accurately transfer ground
and image coordinates directly from the aerial photographs to the
overlays using manual methods. Therefore, the fiducial marks on
the photos and scanned overlays are employed as registration points.
Image coordinates identified during the AT process are transformed
into the overlay coordinate system and used with an appropriate
rectification algorithm to create a corrected overlay that is in register
with the underlying GIS database. The raster polygons are
converted to vector format using R2V program from Able Software,
Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) and imported to ESRI
ArcGIS for editing.
In areas of little relief, it is appropriate to apply simple polynomial
correction techniques to create rectified photographs. For smaller
parks, these rectified photos are tiled, overlaid with coordinate grids
and printed on a high quality color printer for use in the field.
Interpretation is performed on overlays registered to the hard copy
prints. The overlays are scanned and converted to vector format for
input to the GIS. There the polygons representing vegetation
communities are edited and assigned attributes. The vegetation map
of Guilford Courthouse National Military Park was created in this
manner (Figure 2). In the Guilford Courthouse map product, the top
portion in a rectified color infrared aerial photograph annotated with
the park boundary. In the bottom section of the product, the detailed
vegetation map is presented at the same scale and area coverage as
the aerial photograph.
658
