Full text: Proceedings, XXth congress (Part 5)

   
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RANGE AND VELOCITY ESTIMATION OF OBJECTS AT LONG RANGES USING 
MULTIOCULAR VIDEO SEQUENCES 
N. Scherer, R. Gabler 
FGAN-FOM Research Institute for Optronics and Pattern Recognition, Gutleuthausstraße 1, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany 
(scherer, gabler)@fom.fgan.de 
Intercommission WG V/III 
KEY WORDS: Stereoscopic, Infrared, Sequences, Tracking, Resolution, Accuracy 
ABSTRACT: 
Automatic warning systems for protection against airborne threats require a high detection probability at long ranges. Infrared 
Search and Track (IRST) systems which are designed as monocular and passive systems are able to fulfil this requirement. However, 
due to clutter and distortions by other objects, like birds or clouds, these systems do not achieve the required low false alarm rate. 
For a reduction of the false alarm rate the exploitation of features like shape, size, texture and intensity is not reliable, because 
objects at long ranges appear as points. Range and velocity are more robust features of the point like objects. These features can be 
obtained by stereo vision from image sequences of multi-ocular systems. 
In this paper we describe investigations about the accuracy and reliability concerning the three-dimensional position and velocity of 
the objects. Unavoidable uncertainties in the measurement of the two-dimensional object position in the sensor focal plane lead to 
large errors in the estimated distance. We present a quantitative analysis of this issue, which results in fundamental restrictions for 
velocity estimation of objects. These considerations of accuracy and reliability are important for the design of multi-ocular IRST 
systems. 
The theoretical analysis is compared with the result of a processed IR stereo image sequence recorded at a measurement campaign 
with real objects. It is shown that data processing considering the fundamental restrictions lead to robust results for estimation of the 
spatial position and velocity. This information can be effectively used to reduce the false alarm rate. 
KURZFASSUNG: 
Automatische Warnsensorsysteme zum Schutz gegen Bedrohungen aus der Luft müssen auch bei groflen Zielentfernungen hohe 
Detektionswahrscheinlichkeiten sicherstellen. Mit einem monokularen passiven IRST(Infrared Search and Track)-System kann diese 
Forderung erfüllt werden. Bei Stórungen durch Clutter und Objekte wie z.B. Vógel oder Wolken wird jedoch nicht die geforderte 
geringe Falschalarmrate erreicht. Merkmale wie Größe, Form, Textur oder Intensität der abgebildeten Objekte sind aufgrund der 
großen Entfernungen und damit der Punktförmigkeit der Objekte nicht zuverlässig genug, um zur Reduktion der Falschalarmrate 
genutzt zu werden. Entfernung und Geschwindigkeit der Objekte, die durch Auswertung multiokularer Stereo-Bildfolgen bestimmt 
werden können, lassen sich dagegen erfolgreich als Merkmale zur Trennung zwischen Ziel- und Störobjekten einsetzen. 
In diesem Beitrag werden Untersuchungen zur Genauigkeit und Verlässlichkeit der durch Stereoauswertung bestimmten 
dreidimensionalen Objektposition und -geschwindigkeit vorgestellt. Unvermeidbare Fehler in der Bestimmung der Position der 
abgebildeten Objekte in den Bilddaten führen zu großen Entfernungsfehlern für die berechnete dreidimensionale Objektposition. Wir 
zeigen, dass eine quantitative Untersuchung dieses Problems zu prinzipiellen Einschränkungen in der Genauigkeit der berechneten 
Objektgeschwindigkeit führt. Diese Überlegungen sind grundlegend für den Entwurf eines multiokularen IRST-Systems. 
Die theoretische Untersuchung wird mit der Auswertung von Stereobildfolgen, die bei einer Messkampagne mit echten Flugobjekten 
gewonnen wurden, verglichen. Wir können zeigen, dass man unter Berücksichtigung der prinzipiellen Einschränkungen zuverlässige 
Objektpositionen und -geschwindigkeiten erhält. Diese können effektiv zur Reduzierung der Falschalarmrate genutzt werden. 
are not reliable for the separation of real alarms from false 
alarms. More robust features for discrimination are the three- 
Modern automatic warning systems for protection against dimensional object position and the three-dimensional object 
airborne threats are of increasing interest worldwide. The use of velocity. To obtain this information about the objects the 
1. INTRODUCTION 
    
  
  
  
  
    
   
   
  
    
   
   
    
   
  
  
  
    
     
    
   
  
    
    
    
   
    
   
  
   
    
a monocular Infrared Search and Track (IRST) system for this 
purpose can fulfil the requirements for high detection 
probability at long ranges as well as for all day vision capability 
(Campana 1993). However, the desired low false alarm rate 
(FAR) could not be achieved by these systems while keeping 
the high detection probability of objects at long ranges. The 
reason for this can be traced back to the fact that target objects 
at long ranges as well as clutter and distortions by other objects 
like birds or parts of clouds appear as points in the images. As a 
consequence features like shape, size, texture and even intensity 
system may be augmented by active sensors like radar or laser, 
but to maintain the passive operation of the system the use of 
stereo vision from image sequences of multi-ocular sensor 
systems is investigated. 
Our approach to reconstruct three-dimensional information 
about the observed objects from multi-ocular image sequences 
is composed of different steps. First, a precise sensor calibration 
(inner and outer orientation) is carried out to get the high 
   
   
     
    
    
   
    
   
   
   
	        
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