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Suez Canal in addition to three control points using GPS at El- 
Gamil zone. 
By using GIS, once the imagery is prepared, it can be used as a 
base map for mapping applications or as a first generation 
(oriented image) data source for extracting second generation 
data (feature datasets). An accurate reference map which is the 
admiralty chart No.234 issued at 1994 is currently available for 
à part of the studied area. Both the detailed location map and an 
image subset can be supplied to GIS. 
6. SHORELINE CHANGE ANALYSIS 
After the images have been referenced, it is then used for 
comparison to the raster. The different four images have been 
obtained to Port Said providing an excellent means for 
comparing the shoreline on the chart. 
The imagery is taken as a base layer in a GIS along with the 
raster or vector chart as shown in Figure 2. Descriptions of 
differences between the chart and images are recorded along 
with the geographic location of each discrepancy. Changes in 
shorelines were noted including natural shoreline change (due 
to wave climate, bathymetry effect and amount of longshore 
sediment transport) as well as changes due to manmade 
structures ( the detached breakwaters at El-Gamil zone). Using 
GIS, these can be located by reference to a data type (shoreline 
change), by location (all geographical locations of shoreline), or 
by a search through of the contributing parameters. 
GIS has the ability to perform data based not only on attributes 
but also on the location of those attributes it from all other type 
of database management software. Figure 4 shows the shoreline 
obtained during the different years from the four images. The 
shoreline was divided into four zones to make easy comparison 
and detection for the shoreline change. 
  
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Figure 4 The shoreline obtained during the different years. 
6.1 Observations of Shoreline Change at Zone 1 
This zone of the studied shoreline extends about four kilometres 
^to west of the western breakwater of the Suez Canal at its 
northern entrance, as shown in Figure 5. This breakwater 
extends four kilometres offshore into the Mediterranean Sea. 
The aerial images indicated that the existence of this breakwater 
precludes the motion of the longshore sediment transport 
211 
Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B-YF. Istanbul 2004 
causing sedimentation in this region and the gained area 
extended with average 100 meters into the sea in the period 
from 1991 to 2001. 
    
    
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Figure 5 Shoreline change fore Zone 1 
6.2 Observations of Shoreline Change at Zone 2 
This zone extends about three kilometres, as observed from 
aerial images. Erosion had happened to the shoreline during the 
period before 1995 and after.1998 and the shoreline became 
stable as shown from Figure 6. 
  
  
  
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Figure 6 Shoreline change fore Zone 2 
6.3 Observations of Shoreline Change at Zone 3 
Since, 1986 survey works showed that zone 3 which extends 
about three kilometers had suffered from erosion as shown from 
Figure 7. From observations it is possible to define the erosion 
in this zone. This erosion may occur due to different reasons 
such as interference of current field, bathymetry, sediment grain 
size and wave climate. Finally, this erosion causes a loss of a 
great area of the coast. 
At 1996, four detached breakwaters were constructed parallel to 
the beach at El-Gamil zone, each 300 meter long and 200 meter 
opening between breakwaters, to protect the shoreline from 
erosion. At 1997, two additional detached breakwaters were 
constructed, these two breakwaters finished at 1998. The 
shoreline became more stable than that of the year1995, the 
sediments were trapped and many (Tombolo and Gulf) were 
formed and covered all the zone for about two kilometres. This 
(Tombolo and Gulf) extended about 150 meter into the sea.