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Remote sensing 
For Level c. 
Basic physics, energy and radiation balances. Electromagnetic 
radiation and its interactions with the earth. 
Sensors for visible, infrared and microwave wavelengths. Platforms 
and vehicles and their limitations. Data characteristics, images and 
digital data classification methods. Ground data collection, analysis 
and accuracy assessment. 
Studies of applications in such fields as land cover, water resources, 
geology, mineral exploration, geomorphology, terrain analysis, cartography, 
oceanography and meteorology. 
For Level b. 
As above, but in greater detail and with more extensive practical 
work, together with further consideration of satellite orbits, data 
manipulation, preprocessing and enhancement, radiometric calibration and 
atmospheric correction, geometric rectification, and data classification, 
particularly digital methods. Ground data instrumentation. Principles of 
geographical information systems, and use of contextual data. 
For Level a. 
As above, but in greater detail and with a requirement for much more 
thorough demonstration and assessment of knowledge and practical 
competence of students. 
Additional consideration should be given to such topics as data 
transmission and acquisition, formatting and dissemination, digital 
Classification methods in both spatial and frequency domains. Studies 
should be more detailed generally and applications studies should provide 
an overall assessment of capabilities in all fields and, in addition, more 
detailed study of applications more appropriate to the background and 
likely career of individual candidates. 
It is again assumed in the above, as for photogrammetry, that 
proposed support courses in statistics, computing and cartographic science 
provide adequate training at the appropriate level commensurate with 
training in remote sensing. 
In general, standards of competence in remote sensing expected of 
geographers should be rather higher than those in photogrammetry, since 
most professional (active) photogrammetrists are from backgrounds other 
than geographical, whereas at present there is no single recognised 
background for professional remote sensors who may, particularly in the 
applications areas, start their careers with a geographical training. 
CONCLUSIONS 
Geographers are usually trained with a knowledge of a rather wide 
range of earth and social sciences. Some areas within this range may 
be of detailed, specialised knowledge, while in other areas knowledge may 
be more generalised. Because of this, geograpners are found in a wide 
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