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some of the developing countries had, was working to the ruin of those coun- 
tries. We also often find that as a rule the older hands in high positions 
in developing countries were afraid of new techniques and many thought that 
new knowledge in the hands of younger and more capable citizens could be 
a challenge and a threat to the very existence of older and less knowledge- 
able persons of the profession and therefore training in new methods and 
techniques was not welcome by those in power. No doubt there were exceptions. 
True, photogrammetry also had its own problems at its initial stage of 
"taking off" in the developed world after World War II. However due to the 
presence of emminent and pragmatic photogrammetrists in most of the developed 
countries, the prejudice was overcome and photogrammetry as an art and science 
was accepted and applied to all forms of surveying and mapping in the develop- 
ed world. 
The problem in the developing world was different, due to two reasons. The 
absence of persons with knowledge in the new techniques of photogrammetry 
and the presence of relatively lesser competent persons at the helm of the 
decision making process in the survey institutions. It was a dilemma for 
the developing world of accepting the known devil and rejecting the unknown 
god of photogrammetry. The developing world also faced another problem namely, 
that of Consultants and contractors from the developed world who were over 
selling photogrammetry and now remote sensing techniques as if it were the 
plethora in solving all problems connected with natural resources development 
and planning and swindling the developing countries in the process, in some 
instances. 
Fortunately there were pioneers like Prof. W. Schermerhorn and others who 
realised that the prime need was to promote the use of photogrammetry in 
.the developing world, first through a programme of education in the subject. 
The ITC was born of that concept and was able to train persons from the de- 
veloping world already in positions of authority or their junior counter- 
parts, who later, went on to hold positions of authority in those institu- 
tions. The task of these change agents in the developing world was no easy 
one as most institutions were geared to using manpower trained in archaic 
systems of surveying and mapping that was both time consuming and expensive... 
Maps produced by these methods were out of date just after they were made 
and of not much use. 
These "change agents" too were in a difficult position of executing program- 
mes using photogrammetric methods due to 
* lack of staff trained in photogrammetry; 
* the attitudes of staff trained in conventional methods of survey, using 
theodolite and chain, who were relatively numerous and were therefore an 
effective lobby. 
The main problem was from the technicians, trained in the use of theodolite 
and chain to do routine surveys, who considered the new techniques (for which 
they were not trained) as a threat to their profession and existence. There 
was also the reality of persons only with an acquintance of the subject of 
photogrammetry who were not capable of consultancy and management; whose 
competency was in actual fact no more than that of an operator of a photo- 
grammetric instrument, taking decisions out of depth. 
In short what the developed and developing world requires today is the dis- 
tinction between 
Fernando 2