hie flights 
3,5/100 mm 
used. The 
ctured moun- 
ion where it 
along the 
ation can be 
oth 70 expo- 
were used, 
camera could 
verlap (60- 
from a hand- 
t-altimeter, 
and cylinder 
panel also 
operation. 
es has been 
t variety of 
ogenous with 
he hydraulic 
these four 
is a result 
interviews 
of the re 
in the des- 
Table 1. Example of description of land utilization 
types for a few characteristics 
Zone 
Ngao Zone 
Mnazini Zone 
Nanigi Zone 
Asako Zone 
Designation 
Delta & coastal 
lowland plain 
and permanent 
wetland 
Pokomo- Orma LUT 
Pre delta plain 
sub-humid delta 
coastal and 
subarid hinter-' 
land. Marginal 
Pokomo-Orma LUT 
Dry middle 
floodplain 
Ma lekote/Sanya/ 
Somali LUT 
Upper floodplain 
Arid/subarid 
Wanyoyaya/ 
Somali mixed 
pastoral LUT 
River charac 
teristics 
meandering 
river, river 
surface at or 
floodplain 
level, very low 
river gradient 
meandering 
river, two pa 
rallel channels 
gently meander 
ing higher 
vertical river 
gradient 
braiding 
river 
Land use types 
and economics 
subsistence 
Pokomo agricul 
ture, (waiting 
for the floods) 
Orma livestock 
high fishery 
potential 
subsistence 
agriculture and 
livestock, marg- 
ginal irrigation 
activity (Vil 
lage Irrigation 
Project) 
nomadic grazing 
shifting cul 
tivation , 
camel culture, 
strongly isola 
ted human 
settlements 
nomadic 
pastoralism 
mixed with 
limited 
agriculture 
Camel culture 
Methods and 
technology 
simple tools 
no irrigation 
devices, use of 
floods, simple 
bellezos 
simple tools 
no irrigation 
devices, use of 
floods, simple 
bellezos 
simple tools, 
river modifi 
cation and re 
clamation of 
basin lands for 
agriculture 
simple tools, 
hand irrigation 
of crops in dry 
season 
omplementary 
ctivities 
high speciali 
zation, no side 
line activities 
limited fishing 
high speciali 
zation as in 
Case I. Limited 
fishing 
livestock mixed 
with agricul 
ture, Honey 
collection, no 
fishing 
livestock and 
agriculture 
combined by 
Wanyoyaya 
no fishing 
Figure 5. Pokomo traditional agriculture, banana and 
mango crops on levee and irrigation canal (bellezo) 
dug through levee to backswamp for rice cultivation. 
criptions of the land utilization types attention 
emphasis is placed on those aspects which have a 
bearing on water management or a relation with e.g. 
the flooding regime of the river. The aspects des 
cribed in each of the four land utilization types 
are: 
designation, geographic context, physiography, river 
characteristics, climate, ecology and land potential, 
social groups, present land use and the economics 
thereof, agronomy, livestock, know-how and technolo 
gy, complementary activities, development and limita 
tions described in land evaluation studies and soil 
surveys, possible impacts, possible precautions and 
remedies. 
The results are also summarized in tableform. A part 
of this summary is presented in Table 1. 
In the following sections examples will be presented 
of the land utilization within two land utilization 
types. 
3.2 Case studies 
3.2.1 general 
In general it can be remarked, that the land use of 
the rural population is extremely well adapted to the 
presence and dynamics of the river. It is also remar 
kable that the land use of each specific ethnic group 
is unique for this group and that a certain ethnic 
group occupies only limited stretches along the river 
on which this specific land use pattern and related 
agronomic activies represents an optimum. 
Within the whole spectre of land use activities in 
the riverine lands a few general characteristics can 
be derived. For example in Tana Delta exists a high 
degree of specialization between the different ethnic 
groups, which buy and sell products (milk, vegetab 
les, fish) from each other or to a limited extent 
export them to a market outside the study area. 
In the northern parts of the study area with a rela 
tively harsh environment the inhabitants are ^genera 
lists. They have cattle, practise some agriculture, 
etc.: They gamble on more horses at the same time to 
survive droughts, floods etc. 
In the following section two examples will be given 
of the agricultural land use of two groups in these 
different areas: the relatively flourishing 
activities of the Pokomo near the Delta, as compared 
to the more marginal subsistence of the Wanyoyaya 200 
km north. 
3.2.2 Pokomo agricultural land use 
North of Tana Delta in the Mnazini Zone, the Pokomo 
are the main agriculturalists, while the Orma are the 
main pastoralist group. Their existence in this zone 
is more marginal than in Tana Delta. Agriculture does 
not contribute to livestock (forage), nor the other 
way around (dung). 
The low levees and river basin lands are cultivated. 
Village irrigation schemes occupy some of these ba 
sins, however an also much occurring type of 
traditonal irrigation is also occurring, namely 
through the use of bellezos, which are irrigation 
canals dug through the levees. A wide range of crops 
is grown, mainly for subsistence, including flood 
irrigated rice, maize, beans, cassava, pumpkin and 
sweet potatoes. Mostly the perennial tree crops are 
grown on the levee land, while the annual crops are 
grown on basin land. Flooded rice is grown during the 
long rains while the other cropos have preference 
during the short rains. 
Also riverine forests of great ecological value are 
thriving in this land utilization type. 
3.2.3 Wanyoyaya agricultural land use 
The Malekote and Wanyoyaya are distuinguished as the 
traditional communities of the Nanigi zone . They 
live in small isolated normally temporary shelters 
which are distinctively rectangular^ thatched and 
walled with palm leaves that are absolutely different 
Figure 6. Pokomo settlement.