International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Voi. XXXII Part 7C2, UNISPACE III, Vienna, 1999
116
I5PR5
UNISPACE III - ISPRS/EARSeL Workshop on
“Remote Sensing for the Detection, Monitoring
and Mitigation of Natural Disasters”
2:30-5:30 pm, 22 July 1999, VIC Room B
Vienna, Austria
intensity channel was replaced by the SAR image, the saturation
channel was replaced by a uniform DN value of 65 while the
hue was being modulated by the TM image. Finally, the image
was transferred back into the RGB space resulting in a new
synergy image. Interpretation of the image produces the final
image map shown in Figure 4.
The shallow aquifer is the most hydrological significant in
Jordan, in terms of the quality and quantity of groundwater. It
consists of coarse fluvial deposits, lacustrine clays, fine eolian
sands, and a caprock of permeable basalts. The groundwater is
of very good quality, and in some regions, where the aquifers
are extremely permeable, large quantities of water are produced.
In the Azraq basin, more than 550 water wells have been
drilled, of which 350 wells supply water for local agriculture.
Figure 4 shows a hydrogeological interpretation of the image
map of the shallow and upper limestone aquifer.
The management of wadis is fundamental for groundwater
recharge and for protection from pollution. Indirect recharge by-
wadi floods is considered to be the main source of groundwater
in the shallow aquifer The detailed mapping of the distribution
of wadis and their channel characteristics-such as morphology
roughness and sediment composition- can provide information
for the management of the wadis’ environment and seasonal
floodwaters. The wadis in the area are productive agriculture
lands, because of the presence of temporary surface water,
fertile alluvial soils and shallow groimdwater. Some wadis are
dammed to retain the water from flash floods for artificial
recharge the aquifers.
Accurate mapping of hydrogeological units is required to
evaluate groundwater storage potential. The image map was
used to delineate mudflats, playas, wadi sediments; alluvium,
basalt and limestone units based on their characteristic SAR
textural and geomorphic expressions (Figure 4). The basalt is
highly permeable and stores large quantities of potable water.
Recharge into the groundwater is direct from precipitation.
Generally, the groundwater does not discharge from the basalt
outcrop areas, but percolates to a contact zone and adjacent
aquifers. The basalt areas are easily outlined on the image map.
The limestone units are characterized by a distinctive fern -like
dendritic drainage pattern.
Figure 4 shows the location of fractures on the limestone
aquifer. Because of the high permeability in these fracture zones
the velocity of the groundwater flow is high. Consequently the
groimdwater is easily contaminated from recycled irrigation
water, wastewater, human settlements and industry. The
accurate delineation of surface fractures is needed not only to
target groundwater exploratory' wells, but to prevent pollution
from the above landuse practices in the vicinity of the fractures.
The limestone aquifers are particularly vulnerable, because they
are more fractured.
The classification of hydrological land use is necessary to
conduct sustainable land management practices, in particular,
erosion control of the fragile desert landscape. From the SAR/
TM image, ploughing patterns of grains, field boundaries, olive
plantation and areas of extensive gully erosion on weak silty
and sandy soils were easily identified. When land use maps are
overlaid on near surface aquifers, the image maps can be used to
show areas that are sensitive to pollution. Such image maps
were also produced by SERTIT in the Alsase region of France,
where the near surface aquifers are easily contaminated with
agricultural chemicals
Conclusion
• This paper provides examples of the uses of both satellite and
airborne multispectral images to characterize and monitor
restoration of mining areas and hazardous tailings sites. The
satellite multispectral classification techniques provide a low
cost and reliable means for regional monitoring of large
homogeneous areas, such as Sudbuiy and Central Germany.
Site specific restoration programs require large scale
monitoring techniques such as airborne casi images.
• The interpretation of the SAR/ TM image map has provided
additional information for improved hydrogeological
mapping and can be used to protect sensitive groundwater
areas in terms of mapping wadi mapping, hydrogeological
units, fracture distribution and land use
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Robert St. Jean and Jose
Levesque of CCRS for conducting the image processing related
to the examples shown in the paper. Also to Dr Cornelia
Glaesser from the Institute of Geography, Martin Luther
University, Halle, Germany for giving me permission to use
Figure LFigure 3 and the case study in Germany.
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