CI PA 2003 XIX th International Symposium, 30 September - 04 October, 2003, Antalya, Turkey 
necessary to process each one separately. It is preferable to 
create these nets before photographs are taken, although it is 
possible to take printed versions of the digital photographs back 
to the field and measure marked distances. Once rectified in 
AERIAL 5.3, each of the individual photographs were imported 
into AutoCAD, the control points and lines matched to the 
drawing and each image cropped as necessary to form a photo 
mosaic (Fig. 1). The wall elevation thus produced can be 
digitised on screen or inked by hand over a scaled printout in 
the comfort of the office. The number of individual photos 
depends on the level of detail required, the size of the wall, and 
the space available for taking the photo (in this case restricted 
by the narrowness of the trench). 
Photogrammetric recording and some photography of the Iron 
Age cyclopean granite masonry used for the Cappadocia Gate 
at Kerkenes was done in 1999 and 2000 and reported at CIPA 
2001 (Baturayoglu 2001 and Baturayoglu et al. 2001). In 2002, 
as excavation of the gate passage continued, the side walls to 
the entrance were recorded in the way just described, using a 
quality digital camera (photos of 2032 x 1536 pixels) once 
control points had been chalk-marked and measured (Fig. 2). 
Figure 2. (a) The location of the section across the passage of 
the Cappadocia Gate at Kerkenes Dag; 
(b) Excavation revealed the addition of the glacis to the front of 
the north-east passage; 
(c) Accurately measured control points and lines are used for 
photo-rectification; 
(d) The drawing, by Gülnur Uçar, was inked over the scaled 
printout of the rectified photograph. 
3D modelling of the part of the stone glacis, using 
PhotoModeler, also produced encouraging results. It was 
concluded that, as had been anticipated, the results obtained 
from a digital camera with a good resolution were preferable to 
scans made from prints or colour slides (Fig. 3). 
(a) (b) 
Figure 3. A model of part of the glacis at the Cappadocia Gate 
produced in PhotoModeler from (a) digital photos and (b) scans 
of black and white photos. These 3D models, generated in 
PhotoModeler by Refik Toksoz, can be viewed from different 
angles. 
2.2 Planning Stone Pavements 
This same technique was particularly successful when used to 
record an extensive area of excavated stone pavement at 
Kerkenes in July 2002 (Fig. 4). Traditional recording 
techniques involve the tedious and time-consuming task of 
making pencil drawings, with the help of a planning frame 
(usually lm x lm), showing each stone in plan at a scale of 
1:20. The technique that was developed uses digital 
photographs of each lm by lm square of pavement together 
with grid points surveyed with a Total Station. The slope of the 
pavement was sufficiently gentle for the rectification of photos 
over a plan view using the (x,y) coordinates obtained with a 
Total Station. Photographs were taken from the top of a 
stepladder in order to have sufficient coverage for use of only 
the central portion of each photo, which has minimal distortion. 
Chalk marks on the stones or nails with white and/or red tags 
were used as control points placed at the corner of each grid 
square. AERIAL 5.3 produces grayscale images (Fig. 4b and c) 
which were aligned over a grid in AutoCAD to complete the 
mosaic. The mosaic can be printed at scale and a hand drawing 
made (Fig. 4c). 
Other techniques used more sophisticated GIS software (Arc 
View and ERDAS Imaging) to produce photo-realistic colour 
2D images and 3D models. Ground control points are either 
measured with a Total Station, using a local coordinate system, 
or plotted by a GPS in UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) 
or similar system. To create a colour photo mosaic of the entire 
pavement area, ERDAS Imaging was selected (Fig. 4d). The 
polynominal transformation can translate the photo to any 
coordinate system, rescale, rotate and skew. A 1st order 
transformation or rubber sheeting method requires a minimum 
of three control points on the photo although four points are 
preferred. When all control points are generated within the 
same coordinate system, different images can be combined with 
ease into a photo mosaic generated in 3D or, if desired, in 2D as 
a plan. Points and vector drawings can be opened 
simultaneously in different windows and control points matched 
on screen or using a table. A photo realistic plan of the stone 
pavement exposed at Kerkenes by the Palace Complex glacis 
was thus generated (Fig. 4d).