local cartography of the municipality near the quarry: in 
this case they have to be propagated using the traditional 
topographic methodology, that’s to say the geometric 
levelling or the trigonometric one. 
Fig. 1 The GPS fundamental network 
To test the results of the Est-North co-ordinates of the 
vertices of the quarry with the GPS approach, these co 
ordinates are compared with the relative position 
(distance and difference of level) of the same vertexes 
using traditional instruments. The tolerance between the 
distance and the difference of level evaluated from the 
Est-North co-ordinates and trough traditional 
instrumentation must satisfy the tolerance of 5cm 
(distance) and 8cm (difference of level). 
Fig. 2 The first order network of the quarry of Cernusco 
sul Naviglio (Milan) and the primary vertexes 
The determination of the fixed vertexes of the so called 
fundamental network must be carried out only once for 
each quarry. The vertexes of the Network must be well 
maintained. Only trough the conservation during the time 
of the referrement vertexes is possible to assure a 
valuable and reliable estimation of the volume of the 
extractive activity. 
Fig. 3 The first order network of the quarry of Verano 
Brianza (Milan) and the primary vertexes 
The georeferentiation of the primary vertexes of the 
network, in the three case-studio quarry, has been 
obtained using one benchmark of the IGM95 (zero order 
GPS Italian Network) centrally positioned respect to the 
fundamental GPS network. The vertexes localized in the 
Municipalities of Desio, Usmate, Melzo and S. Donato 
Milanese are GPS points surveyed near to the IGM 
levelling benchmark and connected to them through the 
Fig. 4 The first order network of the quarry of Peschiera 
Borromeo (Milan) and the primary vertexes 
levelling. The WGS84 datum has been rotated and 
translated using the parameters of the point IGM95 (three 
translations, three rotations and one scale factor. 
The Orthometric heights of the points are derived through 
the estimation of the Geoid undulation with respect to the 
WGS84 ellipsoid in the points where both the Othometric 
height and the ellipsoidic one are known: in this case are 
Fig. 5 The detail vertexes connected to first order 
network of the quarry of Cernusco sul Naviglio (Milan) 
necessary at least 3 points around the area. 
For each quarry it has been surveyed a local network: 
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