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Close-range imaging, long-range vision

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fullscreen: Close-range imaging, long-range vision

Monograph

Persistent identifier:: 1067858350

Title:: Close-range imaging, long-range vision

Sub title:: proceedings of the ISPRS Commission V symposium : September 2 - 6, 2002, Corfu, Greece

Scope:: 1 Online-Ressource (xii, 621 Seiten)

Year of publication:: 2002

Place of publication:: Thessaloniki

Publisher of the original:: Publ. ZITI

Identifier (digital):: 1067858350

Illustration:: Illustrationen

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(34,5)

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Erscheinungsdatum des Originals ist aus dem Copyrightjahr ermittelt.

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Corporations:: Symposium Close-Range Imaging, Long-Rang Vision, 2002, Kerkira; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technical Commission Close Range Techniques and Machine Vision; Technikon Epimeltrion ts Hellados (Griechische Kammer der Technik)

Adapter:: Symposium Close-Range Imaging, Long-Rang Vision, 2002, Kerkira; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technical Commission Close Range Techniques and Machine Vision; Technikon Epimeltrion ts Hellados (Griechische Kammer der Technik)

Founder of work:: Symposium Close-Range Imaging, Long-Rang Vision, 2002, Kerkira; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technical Commission Close Range Techniques and Machine Vision; Technikon Epimeltrion ts Hellados (Griechische Kammer der Technik)

Other corporate:: Symposium Close-Range Imaging, Long-Rang Vision, 2002, Kerkira; International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technical Commission Close Range Techniques and Machine Vision; Technikon Epimeltrion ts Hellados (Griechische Kammer der Technik)

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2019

Document type:: Monograph

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: WGV/4 Image Analysis and Spatial Information Systems for Applications in Cultural Heritage

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: IMAGE COMBINATION INTO LARGE VIRTUAL IMAGES FOR FAST 3D MODELLING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Maria Pateraki, Emmanuel Baltsavias, Petros Patias

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Close-range imaging, long-range vision
Cover
ColorChart
Title page
ISPRS Council 2000 - 2004
ISPRS Commission V Symposium: CLOSE-RANGE IMAGING, LONG-RANGE VISION
President's Invitation
Contents
WGV/1: Automation for Vision Metrology Systems and Industrial Applications
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR REMOTE CONTROL OF DIGITAL METRIC CAMERAS VIA LAN AND INTERNET Ingo Bock, Guenter Pomaska
IMPROVING THE ROBUSTNESS OF LEAST SQUARES TEMPLATE MATCHING WITH A LINE-SEARCH ALGORITHM Niclas Börlin
SEMI AUTOMATIC REGISTRATION OF LASER SCANNER DATA S. T. Dijkman, F. A. van den Heuvel
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SYSTEM FOR CLOSE RANGE INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS B. Ergün’, M. O. Altan
GEOMETRIC INFORMATION FROM SINGLE UNCALIBRATED IMAGES OF ROADS L. Grammatikopoulos, G. E. Karras, E. Petsa
IMAGE-VARIANT INTERIOR ORIENTATION AND SENSOR MODELLING OF HIGH-QUALITY DIGITAL CAMERAS H. Hastedt, Th. Luhmann, W. Tecklenburg
REAL-TIME PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ALGORITHMS FOR ROBOT CALIBRATION J. Hefele
PERFORMANCE OF CIRCULAR IMAGE BLOCKS IN CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY Jussi Heikkinen
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE KODAK DCS PRO BACK Ralf Jantos, Thomas Luhmann, Jürgen Peipe, Carl-Thomas Schneider
METHOD FOR ON-LINE CALIBRATION FOR AUTOMOBILE OBSTACLE DETECTION SYSTEM V. A. Knyaz
NEW SYSTEM OF DIGITAL CAMERA CALIBRATION, DC-1000 T. Noma, H. Otani, T. Ito, M. Yamada, N. Kochi
ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENTS FOR AUTOMATED OFF-LINE VISION METROLOGY J. O. Otepka, H. B. Hanley, C. S. Fraser
ACCURACY OF DENSE SURFACE MEASUREMENTS IN AN INTEGRA TED PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND MACHINE VISION FRAMEWORK H. Papadaki
A NEW “DIGITAL FILTER” FOR EXTRACTING CONJUGATE POINTS ON EPIPOLAR STEREO IMAGES P. Patias, V. Tsioukas, L. Sechidis
Automated Point Measurement of Dynamic Skin Membrane Surfaces Utilizing a Dot Projection Photogrammetric Technique Gary Robertson
ENHANCED MULTI-CLUSTER ANM FOR STEREO MATCHING M. Sakamoto, W. Lu, Y. Kosugi
CHARACTERISATION AND TRACKING OF MEMBRANE SURFACES AT NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER Mark R. Shortis, Stuart Robson, Richard S. Pappa, Thomas W. Jones and William K. Goad
STUDY ON VISUAL TRAVERSE BY LASER SCANNING SENSOR R. Tanaka, H. Yokoyama, H. Chikatsu
AUTOMATIC HIERARCHICAL OBJECT DECOMPOSITION FOR OBJECT RECOGNITION M. Ulrich, A. Baumgartner, C. Steger
COMPARISION OF DIFFERENT SENSOR TYPES AND VALIDATION OF AN APPROACH FOR MULTI SENSOR FUSION A. Wendt, C. Rosing, M. Weisensee
USE OF DLT IN PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METROLOGY Zeroual I. Liazid A.
RECONSTRUCTING TEXTURED CAD MODEL OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT USING VEHICLE-BORNE LASER RANGE SCANNER AND LINE CAMERAS Huijing Zhao, Ryosuke Shibasaki
CAR COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM BASED ON ORTHOPHOTO TRANSFORMATION S. Yu. Zheltov, A. V. Sybiryakov, O. V. Vygolov
WGV/2 Scene Modelling and Virtual Reality
SINGLE IMAGE AND TOPOLOGY APPROACHES FOR MODELING BUILDINGS O. Al Khalil & P. Grussenmeyer
TOWARDS AUTOMATED SEGMENTATION OF DENSE RANGE SCANS Jan Böhm
SEMI-AUTOMATIC 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF OCCLUDED AND UNMARKED SURFACES FROM WIDELY SEPARATED VIEWS Sabry F. El-Hakim
Dynamic trapezoidal maps for coarse perspective models in indoor scenes Javier Finat, Margarita Gonzalo-Tasis, Maria J. Antolinez Susana Aguilar
Title: A fast self-organized iconic segmentation and grouping based in color Javier Finat, Margarita Gonzalo-Tasis and Alejandro Viloria.
LASER SCANNER APPLICATION ON COMPLEX SHAPES OF ARCHITECTURE. PROFILES EXTRACTION PROCESSING AND 3D MODELLING. Luigi FREGONESE [...] Cristiana ACHILLE [...]
FAST RECOVERY OF IMAGE ORIENTATION USING VIRTUAL URBAN MODELS Charalampos Georgiadis, Anthony Stefanidis, Peggy Agouris
SCENE MODELING BY USING VIDEO CAMERA Tsukasa Hosmura, Tetsuo Ohta
PHOTOREALISTIC OBJECT RECONSTRUCTION USING COLOR IMAGE MATCHING Yasemin Kuzu
FLEXIBLE 3-D MODELLING OF HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS WITH CONSTRAINED VIEWPOINT AND MULTIPLE UNKNOWNS Christophe Leroux, Philippe Even, Anne Lottin, Rodolphe Gelin, Jean Marc Idasiak, Jean François Boissonneau, Michel Jeanjacques
Bundle Orientation and 3-D Object Reconstruction from Multiple-Station Panoramic Imagery Thomas Luhmann, Werner Tecklenburg
A NEW METHOD TO CREATE A GEOMETRICALLY CORRECTED IMAGE OF A DIGITAL CAMERA Ryuji Matsuoka, Kiyonari Fukue, Kohei Cho, Haruhisa Shimoda, Yoshiaki Matsumae, Kenji Hongo, Naoki Shirai
VIEW SYNTHESIS WITH THE TRIFOCAL TENSOR FROM UNCALIBRATED IMAGERY Helmut Mayer, Wolfram Büchner, Thomas Riegel
MOBILE MAPPING FROM STEREO OMNI-DIRECTIONAL VISION S. Ozawa, I. Miyagawa, K. Wakabayashi, T. Arikawa
A GENERIC 3D MODEL FOR AUTOMATED BUILDING ROOF RECONSTRUCTION S. Scholze, T. Moons, L. Van Gool
CALIBRATION OF AN SEM, USING A NANO POSITIONING TILTING TABLE AND A MICROSCOPIC CALIBRATION PYRAMID Olaf Sinram, Martin Ritter, S. Kleindiek, A. Schertel, H. Hohenberg and J. Albertz
3D OBJECT RECONSTRUCTION IN CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PROBLEMS E. Stylianidis, P. Patias
EXTRACTION OF BUILDING FOOTPRINTS FROM AIRBORNE LASER SCANNER DATA AND ORTHO IMAGE Hiroshi TAKEDA Naoko KURISAKI Wentao CHE
TOWARDS AUTOMATIC RELATIVE ORIENTATION FOR ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY Frank A. van den Heuvel
KNOWLEDGE-BASED AUTOMATIC 3D LINE EXTRACTION FROM CLOSE RANGE IMAGES S. Zlatanova and F. A. van den Heuvel
WGV/3 Medical Image Analysis and Human Motion
MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF HUMAN FACES FROM MULTI IMAGES Nicola D'Apuzzo
REPRESENTING THE HUMAN VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH THE USE OF X-RAY PICTURES Á. Detrekói, K. Fekete, Z. Tóth, O. Alhusain, A. Juhász, I. Stuber, Á. Rakusz
3D Brain Volume and Surface Visualization with CT and MR Images for Diagnosing Abnormal Structures: Integration with Photogrammetric Techniques (EXTENDED SUMMARY) S. Dogan, M. O. Altan
MARKERLESS FULL BODY SHAPE AND MOTION CAPTURE FROM VIDEO SEQUENCES P. Fua, A. Gruen, N. D'Apuzzo, R. Plänkers
SONOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL ASPECTS AND IMAGING FEATURES IN THE EVALUATION OF ACUTE SCROTAL PATHOLOGY IN CHILDREN Katsimba D., Tzouveleki M., Miliou Th., Christopoulos S.
A ROBUST PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SYSTEM FOR WOUND MEASUREMENT A. Malian, F. A. van den Heuvel, A. Azizi
ON THE APPLICATION FOR ROAD STRUCTURE IN DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HUMAN MOTION USING HVT SYSTEM T. Odake, H. Chikatsu
A CONCEPT WORK FOR AUGMENTED REALITY VISUALISATION BASED ON A MEDICAL APPLICATION IN LIVER SURGERY Tim Suthau, Marcus Vetter, Peter Hassenpflug, Hans-Peter Meinzer, Olaf Hellwich
ANALYSIS OF TIME-SPACE EFFECT OF WALKING USING ACCELEROMETERS AND GYRO SENSOR SYSTEM Masako Tsuruoka, Yuriko Tsuruoka, Ryosuke Shibasaki, Yoshifumi Yasuoka, Shunji Murai
WGV/4 Image Analysis and Spatial Information Systems for Applications in Cultural Heritage
NEW FRONTIERS TO ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY: LASER SCANNER 3D Prof. L. Andreozzi, L. Barnobi, A. Giuffrida, C. Santagati
DIGITAL ORTOPHOTO OF SAN MARCO’S BASILICA IN VENICE G. Auditore, D. Miniutti, L. Pilot
THE PROMOTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE THROUGH INTERNET USING ADVANCED AUDIO-VISUAL INFORMATION: THE VENETIAN CASTLES OF PELOPONNISOS E. Bakourou, V. Tsioukas, I. Katzougraki, E. Stylianidis, K. Papadimitriou, P. Patias
LASER APPLICATIONS FOR 3D SURVEY OF CULTURAL HERITAGE C. Balletti, F. Guerra
GIS DESIGN USING HIGH GEOMETRIC RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGES AND HYPERSPECTRAL AIRBORNE DATA P. Boccardo, F. Giulio Tomolo, A. Spanò
AUTOMATIC REGISTRATION OF 3-D VIEWS R. Bologna, A. Guarnieri, M. Minchilli, A. Vettore
HIGH RESOLUTION DIGITAL IMAGE ORIENTATION USING LASER SCANNER DATA Leandro Bornaz, Andrea Lingua, Fulvio Rinaudo
WEB ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FROM UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAMMETRY. AN APPLICATION ON TWO ROMAN WRECKS Marco Canciani, Pamela Gambogi, Pierre Drap
SURVEYING METHODS OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE FOR A GIS IMPLEMENTATION M. Caprioli, R. Bologna, A. Scognamiglio
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RECENT HIGH RESOLUTION AMATEUR CAMERAS AND APPLICATION TO MODELING OF HISTORICAL STRUCTURE Hirofumi Chikatsu, Yoichi Kunii
UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND XML BASED DOCUMENTATION SYSTEM: The case of the 'Grand Ribaud F' Etruscan wreck Pierre Drap, Emmanuel Bruno, Luc Long, Anne Durand, Pierre Grussenmeyer
‘ARPENTEUR’ AS WEB BASED PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PACKAGE: TOWARDS INTEROPERABILITY THROUGH A XML STRUCTURE FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DATA Pierre Drap, Pierre Grussenmeyer, Gilles Gaillard
USING 3D GIS FOR DOCUMENTATION OF HISTORICAL MONUMENT Zaide DURAN & Gönül TOZ
NON-METRIC BIRD'S EYE VIEW Prof. A. Georgopoulos, M. Modatsos
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE GREAT BUDDHA OF BAMIYAN, AFGHANISTAN A. Gruen, F. Remondino, L. Zhang
URBAN CONSERVATION STUDY BASED ON COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN TECHNIQUES:A CASE OF ZEYREK/ISTANBUL N. Zeren Gülersoy, T. K. Koramaz
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR THE ON SITE DOCUMENTATION OF THE OASIS OF SIRWAH IN THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN J. Heckes, A. Hornschuch, U. Kapp, N. Röring
COMBINATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND EASY-TO-USE NON-METRIC METHODS FOR THE DOCUMENTATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS Guido HEINZ
RECONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT OLYMPIA IN 3D COMPUTER GRAPHICS A Landscape Analysis of Classical Site Juko ITO, Kohei IWABUCHI
THE DIGITAL DATABASE IN ARCHAEOLOGY Paul F. Jacobs
DOCUMENTATION AND VISUALIZATION OF HISTORICAL CITY CENTERS: A MULTI-SENSOR APPROACH FOR A NEW TECHNOLOGICAL PARADIGM P. Patias, G. Karapostolou, P. Simeonidis
GEOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF A VISIBLE-NIR VIDEO CAMERA J. L. Lerma, L. A. Ruiz, F. Buchón, R. Pons, M. Galindez
Application of Computer Technic in the Reconstruct of Chinese Ancient Buildings Deren Li, Yixuan Zhu, Jie Yang, Fuling Bian
VIRTUALISATION OF AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE E. S. Malinverni, G. Gagliardini, G. Fangi
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL ORTHOIMAGING D. Mavromati, E. Petsa, G. E. Karras
New Perspectives for Environmental Archaeological GIS Yoshito MIYATSUKA
3D MODELS GENERATION FROM LASER SCANNER DATA TO SUPPORT DIGITAL ORTHOPHOTO 3D: The mosaic surface of the floor of S. Marcus Basilica in Venice. Carlo MONTI [...] Raffaella BRUMANA [...] Luigi FREGONESE [...] Carlo SAVI [...] Christiana ACHILLE [...]
Experimentation of a georeferencing methodology for the Cultural Heritage of Lombardia (Italy) Carlo MONTI [...] Raffaella BRUMANA [...] Carlo SAVI [...] Luigi FREGONESE [...] Christiana ACHILLE [...] Giada MONTI [...] Caterina BALLETTI [...] Giovanni AUDITORE [...]
DIGITAL INFORMATION UTILIZATION ON PRESERVATION MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES Syozo NISHIMURA, Sunaryo SUMITRO
IMAGE COMBINATION INTO LARGE VIRTUAL IMAGES FOR FAST 3D MODELLING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Maria Pateraki, Emmanuel Baltsavias, Petros Patias
SATELLITES IMAGES OF VERY HIGH RESOLUTION ON THE STUDY OF MONUMENTS AND HISTORICAL CENTERS AND THEIR WIDE SURROUNDINGS Patmios E, Lazaridou M.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ROMAN WAREHOUSES IN ANCONA HARBOUR Fausto Pugnaloni and Roberto Papa
A SOLUTION FOR IMAGE ORIENTATION OF CLOSE RANGE BLOCKS M. Scaioni, G. Forlani
MAPPING EXCAVATIONS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES USING CLOSE RANGE PHOTOS K. Tokmakidis, D. Scarlatos
FITTING, PORTAYAL AND MAPPING FOR THE PRODUCTION OF 2nd ORDER SURFACES PHOTOMOSAICS Artemis Valanis
DOCUMENTATION of HISTORICAL SITES by COMBINING MODERN PHOTOGRAMMETRIC and LASER TECHNOLOGY E. Vozikis, C. Boletis, J. Petrogonas
POTENTIAL OF GIS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY: A CASE STUDY IN AICHI, JAPAN- Nobuya Watanabe, [...] Hiroyuki Yoshida, [...]
CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS ON THE GENERATION OF DIGITAL SURFACE MODELS OF FACADES USING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES Albert Wiedemann
REFIND ORTHO IMAGING AND MODELLING OF RELICS USING HIGH RESOLUTION AMATEUR CAMERA Hiroshi YOKOYAMA, Hirofumi CHIKATSU
WGV/5 Quick Response and Distributed Computing for Close-Range Applications
AUTOMATED APPEARANCE-BASED BUILDING DETECTION IN TERRESTRIAL IMAGES Jan Böhm, Norbert Haala, Peter Kapusy
INVARIANT REPRESENTATIONS FOR PUNCTUAL AND LOCAL GROUPING CRITERIA IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS Isidro de Paz, Javier Finat and Margarita Gonzalo-Tasis
AUTOMATIC CITY MODELLING BY ROBUST LINE MATCHING USING HIGH VISION AIR-BORNE IMAGERY Y. Kunii, H. Chikatsu
A NEW ALGORITHM FOR IMAGE RETRIEVAL FROM IMAGE SEQUENCE Hongchao Ma, Deren Li
WET LAND AND SALT CRUST FORMATION BASED ON LANDSAT TM DATA Alavi Panah, S.K.
SUMMARIZING THE CONTENT OF MOTION IMAGERY DATASETS Anthony Stefanidis, Peggy Agouris, Panos Partsinevelos
OPTIMIZING POINT NETWORKS FOR CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY: FIRST TEST RESULTS E. Tung, J. Friedrich, F. Karsli, E. Ayhan
WGV/6 Visualization and Animation
THE WELL PROMISING FLASHPIX IMAGE FORMAT O. Georgoula, P. Patias
THE MEDIEVAL FORTRESS KUFSTEIN, AUSTRIA - AN EXAMPLE FOR THE RESTITUTION AND VISUALIZATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE Klaus Hanke, Michael Oberschneider
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT CALIBRATION MODELS FOR SEE-THROUGH HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAYS USED FOR AUGMENTED REALITY APPLICATIONS Johannes Leebmann
COMPUTER AIDED MAKING UP FOR HUMAN FACE USING GEO-SIMULATOR Shunji MURAI, Akira TSUTUMI, Masanobu KOBAYASHI, Yousuke SEKI
ON DEVELOPMENT OF MANAGEMENT AND PLAN SYSTEM FOR MAP PRODUCTION Kazuya NAKANO, Kosuke TSURU
LASER SCANNING AND VISUALISATION OF AN AUSTRALIAN ICON: NED KELLY'S ARMOUR Cliff Ogleby
3D-VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES - THE COMPLETE LIST - W. Schuhr, E. Kanngieser
A NEW PERSPECTIVE FOR THE VISUALIZATION OF CARTOGRAPHIC DATA V. Tsioukas, K. Papadopoulos, M. Daniil, E. Daniil
ICWG V/III Image Sequence Analysis
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES FOR VEHICLE MANOEUVRES RECOGNITION WITH SEQUENTIAL IMAGES FROM HIGH ALTITUDE PLATFORMS T. Fuse, E. Shimizu, R. Maeda
CONSTRUCTION OF CITY MODEL BY MOTION Yousuke Kashimoto, Heitoh Zen
METHOD OF THE CURRENT PITCH ANGLE VALUE CALCULATION ON THE BASIS OF PASSIVE SENSORS DATA PROCESSING IN INTELLIGENT DRIVING SYSTEMS V. M. Lisitsyn, K. V. Obrosov, A. A. Spiridonov, S. V. Tikhonova
VIDEO-TO-3D Marc Pollefeys, Luc Van Gool, Maarten Vergauwen, Kurt Cornelis, Frank Verbiest, Jan Tops
CAMERA CALIBRATION BY ROTATION Petteri Pöntinen
IMAGE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS FOR HUMAN BODY RECONSTRUCTION Fabio Remondino
IMAGE SEQUENCE MATCHING FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL WAVE SURFACES F. Santel, C. Heipke, S. Könnecke, H. Wegmann
3D PARTICLE TRACKING VELOCIMETRY BASED ON IMAGE AND OBJECT SPACE INFORMATION J. Willneff
URBAN 3D MAPPING FROM AERIAL IMAGE SEQUENCES Guoqing Zhou
Keywords Index
Authors Index
Cover

Full text

  
  
  
5.4 Matching strategy 
A strategy is followed in order to get first some reliable and 
accurate match results in 2 pyramid levels. These can provide 
better surface approximation, reduction of search space, and 
support for weaker match features. Raw match features are 
matched as dense as possible, thus making the blunder detec- 
tion and correction easier, avoiding mismatches being propa- 
gated to the lower levels. Due to the fact that rotations and 
shifts existed in the images, plus the bases were not large 
enough, matching used object space information to get some 
first approximate values. The approximate 3D information 
was used also by the forward intersection performed at the 
end of the algorithm in the least squares adjustment. 
For the extracted edgels approximate heights have been inter- 
polated from the coarse surface generated from the existing 
GCP’s. The interpolation of heights is done only for the tem- 
plate image and by back-projecting on to the search image a 
first approximation of the point is found. 
Furthermore, a multi-patch approach is adopted where up to 3 
passes of matching are performed with different parameters 
(such as search range and patch dimensions). Larger patches 
are less sensitive to noise, occlusions, multiple solutions etc. 
while smaller ones are more accurate and better preserve 
height discontinuities. The algorithm employs area-based 
correlation in the first stage, and least squares matching at the 
end for higher accuracy. Since least squares matching per- 
forms slower than cross correlation, it is used in a second 
stage as the last step in the quality control, where most of the 
mismatches have been excluded in previous steps in the qual- 
ity control. It can estimate the position with sub-pixel accu- 
racy or reveal suspicious points and flag them and thus in- 
crease robustness of the algorithm. Additionally, epipolar 
constraints can be used with a small weighting which enables 
the search area to be extended 1-2 pixels perpendicular to the 
epipolar line, since the estimation of the points that lie near 
the borders of the image can be less accurate. 
During run time, quality measures are calculated, which play 
important role in the elimination of blunders and false 
matches. The cross correlation coefficient, the 2™ best simi- 
larity score and its distance to 1% one, the size of search win- 
dow, the change of similarity measure between the 3 patch 
sizes, the change of position between patch sizes, the angle of 
dominant edge direction with the epipolar line, the residuals 
from 3D forward intersection, the change of final point posi- 
tion from the starting position, calculated standard deviations 
for x and y pixel coordinates are the quality criteria calcu- 
lated. The quality criteria are combined according to the pos- 
sible occurring error. E.g. in case of an occlusion, the cross- 
correlation coefficient would be small and the similarity 
measure would be generally decreasing from the largest to the 
smaller mask. Additionally the consistency of height in the 
local neighbourhood is checked. The matched points are as- 
signed to error groups (e.g. occlusion, multiple solution, etc.) 
depending on their quality measures. Thresholds for each 
group of errors are computed from a statistical analysis of the 
quality measures extracted in each given pyramid level. 
5.5 Results 
Constrained and unconstrained method gave similar matching 
results. The constrained method was significantly faster than 
the unconstrained, because of the reduction of search space. 
Matching results were subsequently filtered to remove re- 
maining suspect points, using a median filtering. In average 
18.000 points per model were successfully matched. The 
matched 3D edges were finally converted to 3D gridded 
points through interpolation, with 0.02 m grid spacing. The 
gridded DSM's of the normal images with best overall accu- 
racy(see below) were merged through averaging in the over- 
lap regions. The quantitative analysis of the DSM was done 
using reference 3D points (16 GCP's), collected with topog- 
raphic methods with an accuracy of 2 cm. The points were in- 
terpolated from the raw matched data and compared. The dif- 
ferences in height were calculated and as estimation of the 
accuracy their standard was used (Table 1). 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Image pairs Average std.| RMS Max abs. 
dev. (in m) error 
Strip 1: pair 1-2 0.04 0.05 0.12 
Strip 1: pair 2-3 0.06 0.08 0.18 
Strip 2: pair 1-2 0.03 0.04 0.09 
Strip 2: pair 2-3 0.05 0.06 0.15 
Strip 2: pair 3-4 0.09 0.1 0.18 
Table 1. Accuracy of DSM’s extracted from image pairs 
using constrained approach (Normal images). 
  
  
  
Since the different DSM’s were overlapping, the ones with 
the best accuracy, resulting from the comparison with the 
manually extracted DSM, were selected for merging (Fig. 8). 
The large difference in accuracy for pair 5-4 depends on the 
orientation data (small base). The orientation was signifi- 
cantly improved with the bundle adjustment but small errors 
remained. Therefore from strip 1 the pair 1-2 was selected and 
from strip 2 the pairs 1-2 and 2-3. The average standard de- 
viation in these 3 models was 0.04. 
  
Figure 8. Part of the DSM. Contours with an interval of 0.01 
m overlaid on the image. 
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