Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Damen, M. C. J.

Bibliographic data

Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856343064

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: XV, 547 Seiten

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856343064

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,1)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: 3 Spectral signatures of objects. Chairman: G. Guyot, Liaison: N. J. J. Bunnik

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: Relationship between soil and leaf metal content and Landsat MSS and TM acquired canopy reflectance data. C. Banninger

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

198 TABLE 3 Landsat MSS Bands and Transformations Used in Statistical Analysis Band 4 (B4) Landsat MSS Bands Band 5 (B5) Band 6 (B6) Band 7 (B7) Band 6 Band 7 Band 5 (BD6) Band Difference Band 5 (BD7) Band 6/Band 5 Band 7/Band 5 (R65) Simple Band Ratio (R75) (Band 6 - Band 5)/(Band 6 + Band 5) (ND6) (Band 7 - Band 5)/(Band 7 + Band 5) (ND7) Normalised Difference 1 (ND6 +0.5)/ABS(ND6 (ND7 + 0.5)/ABS(ND7 0.5) X (ABS(ND6 + 0.5) X (ABS(ND7 + . 5) ) (TVI6) .5)) ' (TVI7) Transformed ^ Vegetation Index (1.091 B6 - B5 - 5.49) / (1 .091- + (2.400 B7 - B5 - 0.0l)/(2.400 + 1 ) ' (PVI6) Perpendicular Vegetation (PVI7) Index 3 4 2.4 B7 - B5 (DVI) Difference Vegetation Index 0.332 B4 + 0.603 B5 + 0.675 B6 + 0.262 B7 (SBI) Soil Brightness Index 5 - -0.283 B4 - 0.660 B5 + 0.577 B6 + 0.388 B7 (GVI) Green Vegetative Index First Principal Component (PC1) For each Landsat MSS scene date Second Principal Component (PC2) Transformation Sources: 1. Rouse et al. (1973) 2. Perry and Lautenschlager (1984) Deering et al. (1975) 3. Perry and Lautenschlager (1984) Richardson and Wiegand (1977) 4. Richardson and Wiegand (1977) 5. Kauth and Thomas (1976) modified after modified after strongest with respect to zinc needle con tent and weakest with respect to copper nee dle content. Only the September 1976 scene produced correlation values greater than r=-0.65, and then only for MSS bands 5 (r=-0.78) and 6 (r=-0.69) and the soil brightness index (SBI) (r=-0.70). These values are significant at greater than the 98 per cent probability level. Although no dominant bands or transfor mations emerged from the statistical analy sis of the spruce needle data set that show an overall capability to discriminate dif ferent levels of metal concentrations in the needles, the first principal component (PC1), band differences BD1, BD2, and BD3, TM band 4, and the brightness (TMB) and greenness (TMG) indices did rank the highest of all the TM bands and transformations tested, whereas the soil brightness index (SBI), the first principal component (PC1), and bands 5, 6, and 7 have the highest ranking of all the MSS bands and transformations employed in the analysis. 10. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Two facts stand out from this study: the amount of copper, lead, and zinc in the spruce needles differs markedly from their soil content (especially for copper and lead), and, except for zinc, the soil and needle metal contents show essentially no correlation with each other. The level of metal availability in the soil substrate and the regulatory mechanisms operating within the spruce trees probably account for these observations. The chemical analysis of the soil samples from the test site involved the determination of their total copper, lead, and zinc content, which is usually much greater than the amount of metals pre sent in the soil solution. It is the latter metals that are available to the plant for uptake by its root system. The literature contains numerous refer ences to plants growing in soils containing high concentrations of copper, lead, and zinc, but exhibiting low levels of these metals in their foliage, except for zinc (e.g., Holmes, 1964; Nicolls et al., 1965; Bolviken et al., 1977). The good correlation found between soil and needle zinc content and the lack of one between soil and needle lead and copper are in agreement with the published data on metal uptake into the aerial parts of plants. This supports the thesis that zinc is taken up by the spruce trees in a more or less unrestricted manner and subsequently controlled within the tree system by internal regulatory mechanisms, whereas the absorption of lead and copper is controlled by exclusion mechanisms operating at the soil-root interface. Lead and copper absorbed by the plant are, for the most part, deposited within the plant's root system. As the roots are the medium by which the trees derive their nutrients and water from the soil substrate, the detrimental effects that these highly toxic metals have on a tree's vascular system can be as serious, if not more so, than any effects these metals may have at the active sites of metabolism in the aerial parts of the tree. The strong capability of many of the Landsat MSS and TM spectral bands and trans-

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