17. Kilpelä, E. 
Savolainen, A. 
Finland 
ON THE EFFECT OF SOME ERROR SOURCES 
IN BUNDLE ADJUSTMENT 
The effect of some error sources in bundle adjustment has been studied by using a precise test field. 
The Jäminärvi test field of 2 x 2 km “containing 120 signalised points triangulated and levelled in the field was 
photographed on the image scale of 1:4 000 with a wide angle camera in the spring of 1971. Seven strips of 
13 pictures each were taken with the forward overlap of 80% and the lateral overlap of 60% 
The image coordinates have been measured with a stereocomparator. Some details about the precision of the 
comparator measurements are given. 
In the adjustment by the bundle method part of the signalised points were used as ground control points and 
the others as check points. The following subjects have been studied: 
- the effect of systematic errors (affine film deformation, radial distortion ), 
- the effect of imposed gross errors of the ground control, 
- the effect of some other factors. 
18. Kraus, K. 
Germany (F.R.G.) 
Mikhail, E.M. 
United States (visiting Professor in Stuttgart, Germany F.R.G.) 
LINEAR LEAST SQUARES INTERPOLATION AND 
FILTERING IN COMPUTATIONAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY 
Linear interpolation and filtering by least squares is a general and flexible method which may be used in many 
problems of computational photogrammetry. A concise, but complete, presentation with interpretive 
photogrammetric demonstration, evaluation and analysis of the method is presented. Consideration is given 
to the effects of theoretical assumptions in practice, of the number of reference points, and of the choice of trend 
surface and covariance function, with simulated test results. 
Applications to different areas of computational photogrammetry are enumerated and some actual practical 
results are given. Some of the areas considered include: compensation for film and lens distortion, external 
horizontal and vertical block adjustment, problems in digital terrain model (DTM), and use of Side Looking 
Radar (SLAR) imagery. Further research is presently continuing on DTM, SLAR and other remote sensing 
records. 
19. Kubik, K. 
Netherlands 
SYSTEMATIC IMAGE ERRORS AND 
THEIR EFFECTS IN AERIAL TRIANGULATION 
A review is given of the research into the effects of systematic image errors in aerial triangulation and of the 
known methods of compensation. 
Rather complete information is already available about the propagation of random image errors in block 
adjustment. However, random errors account for only a part of the total image error, the other component 
being those errors which are termed systematic. In the last years, the effects of these systematic errors after block 
adjustment have been investigated in more detail and methods for compensating of these effects have been 
proposed by various authors. The present paper reviews these investigations and summarizes the principle 
problems which remain, together with recommendations for their solution. 
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