International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B4. Istanbul 2004 
textual documents. It will illustrate how to provide 
information about the identification, the quality, the 
spatial reference, and the distribution of digital 
geographic data. 
ISO 19140 Technical amendment to the ISO 191** 
Geographic information series of standards for 
harmonization and enhancements: Technical 
amendments to the ISO 191** Geographic information 
series of standards to achieve harmonization between 
them. This will include issues of consistency, 
cross-references, terminology, data model and 
presentation. Other amendments necessary to achieve 
the objectives of these standards will also be included 
subject to ensuring consistency with the other 
standards. 
4. CONCLUSION 
With years of efforts by experts and scholars 
worldwide, especially the efficient work by OGC and 
ISO/TC211, the technologies and standards on 
geographic information sharing have been defined in 
theory, and addressed in techniques and major 
standards. Efforts still should be made in the 
implementation and promotion of these standards. In 
the past few years, though some standards (such as 
spatial data transfer standard, Simple Feature Access 
Specification based on OLE/COM, CORBA or SQL) 
for spatial data sharing have been forwarded, there are 
still problems in the pursuit of their implementation. 
Many GIS software packages do not support them in a 
complete way. Recently, OGC and ISO/TC211 have 
started to promote spatial data sharing and 
interoperability specifications based on Web Services, 
such as Web Map Service Specification, Web Feature 
Service Specification, Web Coverage Service 
Specification and GML. These are easy to implement 
and have gained support from many GIS manufacturers. 
They have solved the problem of spatial data sharing in 
the network. Figure 6 illustrates the result of data 
overlapping from two different spatial databases based 
on Web Map Service Specification by using ArcIMS 
and Web Feature Service Specification by using 
GeoStar. The result shows that the interoperability 
specification based on Web Service is easy to realize 
web spatial data service and interoperability with a 
bright application prospect. ; 
128 
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Figure 6 The integrated data from ArcIMS with WMS and 
GeoStar with WFS 
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