International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B4. Istanbul 2004 
spatial properties. Furthermore, a spatial data type for the 
specification of solids is missing. Spatial queries are restricted 
to two dimensions, apart from the efficient filter operator, 
which considers three dimensions. These 3-D queries are 
sufficient for many applications of 3-D city models, but too 
restricted for other relevant queries, for example for checking 
the consistency of the model. 
The next step is the extension of the model by a variety of 
thematic objects relevant for 3D city models, including the 
corresponding attributes as well as aggregation and 
gencralization hierarchies. Efficient visualization and analyses 
will be obtained by allowing multiple representations of a 
single thematic object in different levels of detail (Kolbe & 
Gróger 2003). A further extension will be the integration of the 
relief structure using Triangulated Irregular Networks. 
The long-term objective of the database is to extend it to a 3-D 
GIS prototype, which is a platform for various 3-D research 
projects. In the context of spatial data infrastructures, the 
database will provide services to get access to data in an 
interoperable way. An example is the provision of GML 3 data, 
thus extending OGC's Web Feature Service (Open GIS 
Consortium, 2002), which is limited to 2-D data currently. 
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
We thank Thomas H. Kolbe, Viktor Stroh and Ingo Petzold for 
discussions, which helped to generate and clarify the ideas 
described here. 
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